Hello, and welcome to the Physics World Weekly
Podcast.
I'm Hamish Johnston.
Today,
I'm going to explore the science and art
of quantum steampunk
with a theoretical physicist
and a sculptor.
But first, I'd like to thank Atlas Technologies
for their generous support of this episode.
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Earlier this year, I had the pleasure of
attending the Global
Physics Summit of the American Physical Society,
which attracted about 14,000
physicists
to a huge convention center in Anaheim, California.
That's where I met the steampunk artist,
Bruce Rosenbaum,
who is exhibiting his beautiful sculpture
of a quantum engine.
It was created in collaboration with physicists,
including
Nicole
Junger
Halpern,
who pioneered the scientific field of quantum steampunk.
I was so taken by the art and
science of quantum steampunk
that I promised Bruce that I would have
him and Nicole on the podcast.
And here we are.
Nicole joins me from Maryland
and Bruce from Massachusetts.
Welcome to both of you to the podcast.
Thanks very much for having us. Yes. Thanks
for having us.
So Bruce, can we start with you? Can
you give us an idea of what
steampunk is?
Sure. Well, it it sounds like a simple
question. What is steampunk? But I think, you
have 10 people in a room. You ask
that question, you're gonna get 10 different answers.
And there's probably even a difference between
Nicole and I in terms of exactly what
steampunk is. But for me, it's it it
has its roots in science fiction.
AW Jeter,
science fiction author,
in the nineteen eighties actually came up with
the, the term statement.
And,
really, it's,
I kind of look at it,
in in a science fiction
type of realm where
it's this what if scenario, kind of this
reimagined history. So
it's what if during the Victorian period or
the industrial age, that's,
you know, roughly eighteen fifties to the nineteen
hundreds. What if the people of that time,
the
the engineers,
the,
the inventors, the innovators,
what if they had knowledge
on modern or futuristic
technology?
How that would have changed anything. It's it's
almost imagining if the computer
was invented a hundred years before it actually
was,
invented, how that would have changed everything.
And just to kinda give you a quick,
story, a real story
that,
that could have been that scenario,
if people are familiar with Charles Babbage,
a mathematician,
scientist,
from England,
I think it was in the late eighteen
hundreds, he actually came up
with a
mechanical computer, basically,
called the difference engine or the analytical engine.
And he actually drew it. He came up
with the design, which was very complicated.
And like a lot of inventors, you know,
they're they're looking for funding or money to
actually build thing,
and he couldn't find funding.
And,
it wasn't until, I think, in the early
two thousands, there was a museum in England
that actually built it, this mechanical computer based
on this design, and it actually worked.
So people ask, well, what if we actually
did get funding?
How could have
brought our modern computer, you know, in much
earlier.
And even, you know, maybe we would have
our quantum computer
right now if if that would have happened.
So,
but to to kind of put it in
in in almost elementary or kind of math
terms, I really think that,
steampunk,
is this fusion of history,
art, and
So that so that's Babbage's folly that that
you're referring to. And I, I mean, I
I was under the impression that it I
mean, it really fits in with your definition
of steampunk punk because wasn't part of the
problem that
the the the components
that Babbage
required in his calculating machine
couldn't be machined
to the to to the exacting tolerances
back then, and it was it it it
was only really with modern
machining tools that,
that that we could actually make one that
wouldn't, you know, sort of immediately
jam up because of
imprecision. I mean, maybe that's apocryphal. Maybe
that's my view of it. But I I
do remember reading that somewhere, maybe when when
his machine was was finally built. Yeah. I
think he was ahead of his time in
terms of actually, you know, fabricating it.
But, I think that the tough part was
just convincing people because it was so complicated.
Like, people would be looking at it and,
like, how is this thing gonna actually work
and and think?
You know? So so it wasn't till later,
but but this is, you know, I think
with with a lot of inventions,
it is a confluence
of different,
technologies that need to come together
to make it happen.
So the timing of of
these creations are always kind of dependent on
what's going on in the world.
And, Bruce, I met you,
back in March at the Global Physics Summit
in California.
And you were exhibiting a a wonderful
sculpture
of a of a quantum engine.
And I think it really cut caught the
imagination of a lot of physicists,
at the conference. Can you can you describe
that work?
Sure. So just a kinda little bit of
background too on how I got connected to
Nicole.
I'm always looking for collaborations,
and not with just other artists, but
because I think steampunk is history plus art
plus technology, I'm connecting with scientists
and, other people in the STEM
STEAM fields.
And,
I have this
I set up a Google alert that basically
gives me any links to anything that comes
out about steampunk.
And one day, what pops up?
Quantum Steampunk.
And I look closer, and it's Nicole's.
She has a presentation. She has a book.
And I'm, like, going, wow. This is, like,
you know, something that, I'm really interested in
looking into.
We spoke to Nicole, and she was actually
looking,
potentially for an artist to help create kind
of an educating
and entertaining
kind of,
device,
in installation that could
teach people on,
how classical thermodynamics
could translate
and
build into
quantum
thermodynamics
or or basically being able to control
an an atom.
And so,
so we just
we were kind of going back and forth.
Like, there is no steampunk quantum engine right
now, but what could it look like?
And,
I always loved the armillary
stair, which is a representation of our solar
system with kind of the sun in the
middle and the planets going around it,
almost like an atom too, what's going on
going on inside.
And so we kinda came up with this,
the structure of what it could look like,
and then
was able to
provide,
the science, the real science behind it,
in terms of what
elements
could,
make sense in terms of creating this this
engine.
And so
we just went back and forth and created
a really cool
illustration.
And if you've seen Nicole in her presentation,
she usually has it as her as her
background,
and
this was the inspiration for actually,
fabricating.
And part of the steampunk ethos also is,
you know, we wanted to engage.
So how do we do that? We do
that through movement,
through lighting, through sound. So that was an
important part of the way that we were
going to actually build this. So we worked
with a
group near me in Massachusetts,
empire,
and they,
were able to CAD it.
We actually put it, you know, in a
computer drawing,
and,
Nicole and I kinda went back and forth
and, you know, wanted to make sure that
the elements not only look good but make
sense,
in terms of its functionality.
And,
and part of it was that we created,
you know, from classical thermodynamics,
we had these these classical,
engines
with pistons and, you know,
cycles and all that. So that was surrounding
the sphere,
and it was those elements that actually powered,
the,
the appearance of lasers
that would go into a chamber,
for trapped ions. And I'm I'll let Nicole
talk more about, you know, how this all
works. But having the movement and having the
lasers kind of pop on,
and and then also being able to,
have a sound profile to it. So what
does it sound for an engine to, you
know, to develop, for it to turn on
lasers to to ignite these, these ions?
So we had fun with that too in
terms of how that would do.
And then so you would come up, you
hit the the button, and it comes alive.
It's about a sixty second cycle.
And it was it was really
fantastic being
at the at the summit because I had
physicists coming and thinking
this was, like, real, that we were actually
dropping ions and, like, you know, making making
this this, steam engine.
But,
again, an artist representation,
with this kind of brainchild of
of an artist in
a in a quantum theoretical fist.
Yeah. It is,
I mean, it's a very beautiful object. And
the thing that that struck me is that,
you know, just a a few yards away
in the sort of main exhibition,
there were companies,
that were selling stuff that looked
a lot like your
sculpture, which,
you know, I I thought that was fantastic.
So,
Nicole, you worked with Bruce,
to create this sculpture.
And I I suppose it's obvious looking at
the sculpture that that a physicist was involved.
What sort of ideas did you contribute?
The first was the overall notion of quantum
steampunk as Bruce described.
One contribution was writing the grant proposal.
It turns out that art, like science, involves
a lot of just grinding logistics,
including applying for funding.
The kind of core notion is that of
a quantum engine.
Quantum engines
have been
theorized about since 1959 and 1967.
The first proposal for a quantum engine was
put forth then. They've been realized experimentally
on a variety of platforms.
We chose a trapped ion platform
in part because
I'm based at the University of Maryland, and
Maryland has
a lot of
work on trapped ions and is partially known
for that.
So the
we can get into later what a quantum
engine is.
But one reason why
the
center of the sculpture, which has the ion
trap, looks so realistic
is I have the good fortune
to be friends with an ion trapper in
Maryland, Elena Green, and she very kindly let
me ask her a whole bunch of questions
about how to make this piece look particularly
realistic.
Also, Bruce mentioned
the armillary sphere, which is,
an old time instrument and a very beautiful
object that evokes
steampunk or clock punk.
The
the this
so there is a sphere that bounds the
sculpture
very beautifully, I think. It evokes the armillary
sphere. And on the other hand, it evokes
the Bloch sphere.
So the Bloch
sphere represents the possible states of a qubit,
the basic unit of quantum information.
We also
included
a an arrow that represents a Bloch vector.
So suppose that we have some qubits, a
basic unit of quantum information,
may be represented by within a trapped ion.
This trapped ion is in some quantum state,
which is represented geometrically by a point on
or in the Bloch sphere.
And when we
do physics or do quantum computation,
we often will represent
the state of the qubits with an arrow
that points from the center of the sphere
out to
the point that represents that that
really is a solid representation of the state.
Bruce found a beautiful arrow that was,
fabricated
in the early nineteen hundreds to serve as
our block vector.
The
sculpture also has
a representation
of a battery that might be charged by
the engines in
the sculpture,
and it has a representation
of a clock that would time an engine
cycle.
Also, the sculpture has representations
of hot and cold reservoirs,
which play key roles in
the functioning of a heat engine.
I see. And I I wanted to ask
you, Nicole, about the phrase quantum steampunk,
which which you've coined. I mean, it it,
you know, it sounds like a fun
idea, but it it it's a physics concept,
isn't it?
The this,
is it the idea of quantum steampunk?
Can can you talk a bit about the
physics of quantum steampunk?
Sure.
Quantum steampunk is
in part another term that I use for
and in part a term for the spirit
and aesthetic of
the field of quantum thermodynamics.
The quantum thermodynamics
is a subfield of quantum physics that has
been around for many decades, but it started
booming within the past fifteen years.
What is quantum thermodynamics?
Well, first, what is ordinary thermodynamics?
The thermodynamics
is the study of energy. It was inspired
by the Industrial Revolution.
So it was inspired by the historical setting
that Bruce alluded to when defining steampunk.
During this era,
during the eighteen hundreds, people were
realizing engines on a large scale for the
first time
to drive factories.
So naturally, people wanted to understand how efficiently
these engines could operate.
Thermodynamics
helps us understand what are the limitations on
engines,
what are heat and work, how do we
quantify them, what are the relationships amongst them.
In,
this theory of thermodynamics
was
inspired by large classical systems,
but
there are quantum systems to which work and
heat and efficiency
are relevant as well. For instance,
for most systems to
exhibit quantum phenomena, they have to be cooled
to very low temperatures, and cooling is a
thermodynamic process.
So in quantum thermodynamics,
in part, well, I see us as addressing
three main questions.
First, we ask, how can the laws of
thermodynamics
be extended
so that we can see
how exactly they apply to small and quantum
systems, so even systems that can entangle with
each other? And sometimes we can use tools
from quantum information theory
to prove more detailed, more refined versions
of the laws of thermodynamics.
Second, we know from quantum information processing that
quantum phenomena such as entanglement can enhance information
processing tasks such as computation.
Just as there are information processing tasks, there
are thermodynamic
tasks such as extracting work and powering batteries.
So we ask, how can quantum phenomena enhance
thermodynamic tasks?
And finally, we can look at a system
that is processing energy and ask,
what behaviors can this system exhibit
if it's quantum and not if it's classical?
So we use
thermodynamics
to understand better what divides the classical realm
from the quantum realm.
So I see quantum thermodynamics
as
combining
the Victorian setting
of thermodynamics
with the cutting edge and partially futuristic
technology
of quantum information science. I see
steampunk
or I see quantum thermodynamics as the real
world version of steampunk.
And to emphasize that fact, I use the
term quantum steampunk, so partially to refer to
the field of quantum thermodynamics and partially to
refer to its aesthetic.
I see. And one thing I wanted to
ask you, Nicole, is,
you know, I can remember many, many years
ago when I was a physics undergraduate.
We studied,
quantum statistical mechanics where, you know, it's very
important whether the
components,
of a system were fermions or bosons and,
you know, we sort of added up all
the degrees of freedom, etcetera, etcetera.
Is I mean, is that different
to
quantum thermodynamics?
Or is is that a part of quantum
thermodynamics?
Because, you know, that's what I thought of
immediately,
the sort of statistical mechanics
of it. But, I mean, it sounds like
there's something more,
I don't know, fundamental
with quantum thermodynamics.
Is that right? Or
are they
I suppose they're related.
Yes. I definitely say that they're related. I
actually wrote a blog post exactly about your
question
because someone else asked it of me a
while ago.
One of the main points of that blog
post is that thermodynamics
is an operational theory. When we use an
operational theory, often we think about
an agent who is trying to perform some
task
given certain resources.
We ask how efficiently the agent can perform
this task.
For instance, in thermodynamics,
we might say,
suppose we have a hot reservoir and a
cold reservoir,
how efficiently can we extract work from this
set of reservoirs?
Information theory two is an operational theory. For
instance, we will often think about
an Alice who wants to
send information down a channel to Bob, and
we ask
how many bits of information, how many basic
units of information
can she squeeze her message into. So how
efficiently can she send her information down the
channel?
That's a reason why
it makes a lot of sense to apply
quantum information theory to thermodynamics
to get quantum thermodynamics.
Oh, statistical mechanics
definitely plays a role in thermodynamics.
Just the focus tends to be a little
different.
When we're doing statistical mechanics, usually,
we are calculating a partition function.
Whereas when we're doing thermodynamics,
we're thinking more about
tasks,
resources,
efficiencies,
and
how we can break down the analysis of
these efficiencies in quantities such as heat and
work. Right.
I see. So so I I can see
the you know, there's a complete analogy, isn't
there, to the to the Victorian
engineers
who
really weren't interested in the microscopic
nature of their systems. They just wanted a
more efficient
steam engine or a better a better pump.
And and I suppose we want
we want to be able to process quantum
information in in a better way.
Yes. So they had very particular goals. They
had very particular tasks in mind, and they
were limited to certain resources.
Nowadays, since we know about quantum theory and
we use
density matrices all over our calculations,
I think that maybe the traditional
boundary between statistical mechanics and thermodynamics
is breaking down a little bit. So
one will often hear that
if one is using probability distributions
over microstates
classically
or
density matrices
when using a quantum model, then one is
doing statistical mechanics rather than thermodynamics,
which deals only with macroscopic properties.
I think
that view might not be the most relevant
to today's world and to quantum thermodynamics
because it is useful to use the apparatus
of microscopic quantum theory and quantum thermodynamics.
Just when we do quantum thermodynamics,
we can
use, say, the density matrix in order to
calculate quantities like work and heat
and derive
more detailed versions of the second law of
thermodynamics
and reason about quantities like heat and work.
I see. And,
Bruce, I'd like to to to bring you
back in.
You're,
you're not a physicist. You don't I don't
think you have a a background in physics,
but you've really embraced the concept of quantum
steampunk,
in your art. Did you have to learn
some basic
quantum physics in order to create,
the sculpture?
Well, it's, I jokingly tell people that, I'm
not a physicist, but I play one on
TV.
I I have, you know, knowledge of basic
concepts. I'm I'm I'm a curious person, and
so I love technology.
I love, you know, what's next, and I
watch documentaries.
I actually listen to
Nicole's
quantum steampunk presentation and and read her book,
and
and she
she lays it out in a really great
way layperson's way, you know, to make it
understandable.
So I I really when I'm,
embarking on these,
creation of these art installations, I I need
to do my due diligence and research and
and just kinda get a broad understanding,
on what,
you know, what this is,
so we can that can be represented
in the, in the sculpture.
And, really, it's it's this, you know, putting
my head in the past, the present, and
the future. That's kind of what we're trying
to represent here to make a timeless type
of sculpture,
that,
again, both educates
and entertains.
So, so that's kind of, you know, my
approach with every project, you know, if it's
quantum physics or or anything else that,
has this combination of history, art, and terminology.
And, Nicole, do do you have a background
in art?
I don't have a background in visual arts.
I have a background in writing that I've
gotten through, say,
writing a
community column for a local newspaper when I
was in high school. I also blog for
Quantum Frontiers, Caltech's Quantum Blog once a month.
And I consider writing to be an art,
but I
did not have
experience with visual art before working with Bruce.
Oh, right. And and how did you find
that as a as a as a a
scientist? Were you
did did did you have a problem with
maybe
being too lit literal,
if you see what I mean, in terms
of expressing ideas? Or
or did did you slot right in immediately
and sort of understand,
how Bruce was was working?
I think we achieved a good balance of
sufficient representation
of reality
and also
aesthetics that extend beyond
a mere accurate representation.
We certainly went back and forth a great
deal.
I actually, this was a part of the
process that,
to me, was a little different from what
I experienced in science.
As a scientist, I go back and forth
with my collaborators
until everybody is satisfied.
This might take days or weeks or months.
And similarly, Bruce would go back and forth
with me a great deal
until we were satisfied
with the look of something and also
the representation of science.
However,
Bruce
hires people like
an illustrator
or a design engineering team,
and their time is very much on the
clock. So I could not go back and
forth with them just ad infinitum.
So that was
the,
I think, the main
difference between my experience with art and my
experience with science that surprised me. But I
think that we did manage to come up
with a really great balance.
So so how did it compare to, you
know, let's say you you you you've got
a great idea
for a paper and you're collaborating with some
people
and,
you know, you're you're perfecting your craft, you're
you're working very hard to get things right
and to to make it understandable. Was it
was it a a process that was comparable
to that, or was it was it very
different?
I'd say probably there were fewer rounds of
back and forth in the context of art
because we were working with people whose time
was very limited, and we had limited budgets.
And those two resources need to match up
needed to match up with each other.
But,
occasionally, there was a little wiggle room so
we could get in a few extra tweaks
here and there.
Okay, Nicole. We're we're getting towards the end
of our conversation,
but,
I I just have to ask you about
a bit more physics,
seeing as this is the Physics World Weekly
podcast.
Can you can you talk a bit about
the physics of quantum heat engines? What is
a quantum heat engine, and why is it
important to study them?
Sure. I'll start with a basic heat engine.
A heat engine is a device that takes
any heat from a hot environment
and expel some of that heat to a
colder environment.
The rest of the heats, the engine transforms
into work.
So more
correlated or rather more
organized energy that can be directly harnessed to
do something like power a factory or charge
a battery.
A quantum heat engine is an object that
essentially does the same thing. It takes in
heat from a hot environment. It expels some
of that heat to a cold environment,
and the rest of the heat, it transforms
into
more
organized work.
An early question in quantum thermodynamics was, is
it even possible for a quantum system to
act like a heat engine? This was a
this is a foundational question and I think
a question of just basic curiosity.
But this
is the question that I alluded
to that was addressed in the nineteen fifties
and nineteen sixties.
Folks argued that a single atom
can function as a heat engine when it's
working as a maser.
A maser, as some listeners will know is
the same thing as a laser, just emits
microwave radiation. That's what they happen to be
studying.
Quantum heat engines now form
a sandbox
for
exploring questions within quantum thermodynamics.
Since lots of quantum heat engines have been
designed and some have been realized experimentally, we
can play with them to ask, for example,
do quantum systems obey the same thermodynamic laws
as classical ones?
What is the right way mathematically to represent
those laws of thermodynamics for quantum systems?
And can quantum systems outperform classical counterparts in
thermodynamic
tasks? And exactly how
and exactly what quantum resources do those engines
need.
I see. And so I'm I'm I'm just
trying to come up with an example in
my head. I mean, I I'm I don't
know. Are you are
you are you talking about a system? I
don't know. That maybe
comprises
of lots of different spins that can interact
with each other?
And, the the quantum heat engine can
sort of chug away and cause all those
spins to align in a ferromagnetic
way.
And then, I don't know, maybe you could
make a measurement of a magnetic field from
that or
I don't know. I'm I'm just trying to
make sort sort of make it real.
Yes. The recently
people have begun
designing
many body quantum engines, which is what you
described.
The
quantum engines that were analyzed
originally and early on, and the simplest quantum
engines consist of just a single particle each,
like
the the quantum engine identified
in those papers from the 1950s and 1960s.
Those quantum engines consisted of just one atom
each.
And our sculpture
depicts a quantum engine formed from one trapped
ion.
We're used to from
undergraduate statistical physics classes
thinking in many cases about
engines that undergo four stroke cycles.
For example, the CARTO cycle is a four
stroke cycle.
The auto cycle that operates in many cars
is a four stroke cycle.
But we can
put together a four stroke cycle to which
we can subject
an ion or an atom
so that during two strokes,
the atom or ion is interacting with
an environment that might have a hot a
high temperature or a low temperature.
This bath might consist of radiation.
During the other two strokes,
we tune the Hamiltonian.
So we, in the context of a trapped
ion, could
change the trapping potential.
If we're tuning a parameter in a Hamiltonian,
then we're tuning a control parameter.
And
work is
energy that is controlled. It is directed.
So when we perform tuning strokes, we tend
to have the engine
perform work.
Whereas
during the
thermalization
strokes,
the engine is taking in or spitting out
heat.
And that's what an engine does. So a
heat engine,
or at least a conventional heat engine undergoing
a four stroke cycle, will interact with heat
baths during two strokes and
have some of one of its parameters tuned
during the other two strokes
during which the engine can perform work.
So
a quantum engine can undergo these strokes like
a classical heat engine.
Just which parameters we tune
are different in the quantum case than in
the classical case, and
the physical nature of the heat baths
might be different in the quantum and classical
cases.
I see.
Okay.
And and, Bruce, are you,
are you hooked on quantum steampunk now? Are
you are you going to be working with
Nicole or or maybe,
other physicists
in,
creating more art
based on the, on the thermodynamics
of the quantum world?
Yes. So, so a couple of things.
When we first were talking about creating a
steampunk quantum engine together,
we were actually thinking bigger. We were thinking
about a sculpture that could be eight foot
route,
you know, armillary sphere, something that you could
literally walk into and, you know, be a
part of.
But, of course, the the size, the complexity,
the scale, you know, we're we're talking about,
you know, larger amounts of funding.
Nicole was able to to, get this wonderful
$10,000
grant to build the sculpture that we did,
but we still have in mind that we'd
like to build something
bigger, better, more interactive,
more sci fi,
you know, in a way. So,
so we're still kind of out there. And
if your listeners,
would like to, you know, touch base with
us,
you can they can actually go to quantumsteampunk.org
is the website
and contact Nicole or I in terms of,
you know, maybe helping us out with this
this bigger sculpture.
But, the other thing too is because,
Nicole is at the University of Maryland,
they have a whole
kind of quantum campus there, the Discovery District,
and we're talking with folks there.
We're part we're trying to get part of
of these quantum initiatives
to do,
statement pieces,
quantum,
art installations
for that campus.
So we're we're excited that we're working together
and that we have all these connections now,
and we really see that this is starting
to to take hold and that we we'll
we'll be able to do more together.
That's great. And and what about you, Nicole?
Are you
has there been any sort of feedback from
from your work in art
back into physics? Is has
working with Bruce,
has that helped you consolidate
ideas within your research?
I find that
engaging in art or writing helps me understand
the physics better. Maybe it makes me read
in details papers that I had just heard
about. For example, what I have in mind,
one
engine paper that I read in detail for
the sake of
the sculpture.
An example of a project
that
benefited my research because of engagement with arts
actually came out of my book, which is
closely related to the sculpture.
So when I was writing my book, I
had to write about what comes next for
quantum thermodynamics in the epilogue.
And I thought it would be useful for
quantum thermodynamics
to start to be useful, to be practical,
kind of the way that thermodynamics
originally went hand in hand with the Industrial
Revolution.
So shortly after writing that epilogue,
I came across an experimentalist
who asked me
what experiments would be interesting to do in
quantum thermodynamics.
I told him of my desire for practicality
for quantum thermodynamics,
and we came up with a project that
led to a whole line of research on
autonomous quantum machines.
So far, I don't have a whole line
of research inspired by quantum stink buck artwork,
but I am definitely open to the possibility.
Oh, that's great. That's great news. It sounds
like it's been a very fruitful
collaboration so far, and and long may it
last.
Bruce and Nicole,
thanks so much for coming on the podcast.
Thank you for hosting us. It's been a
pleasure. Thanks. Yes. It was a pleasure.
I'm afraid that's all the time we have
for this week's podcast,
which is supported generously
by Atlas Technologies.
Thanks to Nicole Junger Halpern
and Bruce Rosenbaum
for joining me today,
and a special thanks to our producer, Fred
Ailes.
We'll be back again next week. See you
then.
Atlas Technologies
is happy to support this episode
and the exciting work being done in quantum
science.
Atlas helps solve engineering challenges
everywhere,
particle colliders,
space missions,
quantum
cryogenics,
and more.
Custom vacuum chambers and bimetal flanges and fittings
are built in Atlas's
fully integrated facility
with on-site design, development,
and manufacturing
capabilities.
Learn more at atlasuhv.com.