1 00:00:08,080 --> 00:00:11,119 Hello, and welcome to this episode of the 2 00:00:11,119 --> 00:00:13,059 Physics World weekly podcast, 3 00:00:13,654 --> 00:00:15,515 which focuses on a fascinating 4 00:00:15,815 --> 00:00:17,835 aspect of space medicine. 5 00:00:18,614 --> 00:00:21,914 Physics World's Tammy Freeman takes up the story. 6 00:00:30,480 --> 00:00:33,200 Spending time in space has a big impact 7 00:00:33,200 --> 00:00:35,280 on the human body and can cause a 8 00:00:35,280 --> 00:00:36,500 range of health issues. 9 00:00:37,120 --> 00:00:39,539 Many astronauts develop vision problems 10 00:00:39,885 --> 00:00:43,405 as microgravity causes body fluids to redistribute towards 11 00:00:43,405 --> 00:00:45,725 the head, which can lead to swelling in 12 00:00:45,725 --> 00:00:47,905 the eye and compression of the optic nerve. 13 00:00:48,924 --> 00:00:51,244 While eye conditions can generally be treated with 14 00:00:51,244 --> 00:00:51,744 medication, 15 00:00:52,284 --> 00:00:55,200 delivering drugs in space is not a straightforward 16 00:00:55,420 --> 00:00:55,920 task. 17 00:00:56,380 --> 00:00:59,200 Eye drops simply don't work without gravity. 18 00:01:00,380 --> 00:01:03,340 To address this problem, researchers in Hungary are 19 00:01:03,340 --> 00:01:06,000 developing a tiny dissolvable eye insert 20 00:01:06,314 --> 00:01:09,215 that could deliver medication directly to the eye. 21 00:01:09,994 --> 00:01:12,234 The grain of rice sized insert has now 22 00:01:12,234 --> 00:01:14,575 been tested by an astronaut on the International 23 00:01:14,715 --> 00:01:15,454 Space Station. 24 00:01:16,554 --> 00:01:18,734 So I'm very pleased to be joined today 25 00:01:18,939 --> 00:01:21,280 by two members of the development team, 26 00:01:21,979 --> 00:01:23,119 Zoltan Nagy, 27 00:01:23,739 --> 00:01:25,599 director of the department of ophthalmology 28 00:01:25,900 --> 00:01:27,200 at Semmelweis University, 29 00:01:28,459 --> 00:01:29,759 and Diana Bologweiser, 30 00:01:31,034 --> 00:01:34,314 associate professor at Budapest University of Technology and 31 00:01:34,314 --> 00:01:34,814 Economics 32 00:01:35,194 --> 00:01:37,215 and lead researcher at SpinSplit. 33 00:01:38,075 --> 00:01:39,694 Welcome both to the podcast. 34 00:01:41,915 --> 00:01:43,614 So my first question 35 00:01:44,120 --> 00:01:47,240 is why are vision problems so common among 36 00:01:47,240 --> 00:01:47,740 astronauts? 37 00:01:50,280 --> 00:01:52,680 I think it's a very interesting question. The 38 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:56,140 detailed and complete pattern mechanism of vision problems, 39 00:01:56,840 --> 00:01:57,340 among 40 00:01:57,924 --> 00:01:59,944 zero gravity is still to be 41 00:02:00,325 --> 00:02:00,825 perfectly, 42 00:02:01,364 --> 00:02:01,864 clarified. 43 00:02:02,885 --> 00:02:03,385 However, 44 00:02:03,924 --> 00:02:07,365 since we're, zero gravity, it causes fluid shift 45 00:02:07,365 --> 00:02:10,165 in the human body. So it can cause 46 00:02:10,165 --> 00:02:13,099 edema in the head and also in the 47 00:02:13,099 --> 00:02:14,319 central nervous system 48 00:02:14,780 --> 00:02:16,639 and especially within the eye. 49 00:02:17,580 --> 00:02:20,639 It's called a neuro ophthalmic problem. So SUNS, 50 00:02:20,699 --> 00:02:21,919 spaceflight associated 51 00:02:22,219 --> 00:02:23,439 neuroocular syndrome. 52 00:02:24,555 --> 00:02:27,114 And so it can cause a vision problem 53 00:02:27,114 --> 00:02:29,995 for the astronauts and especially in long term, 54 00:02:30,394 --> 00:02:31,375 space shift. 55 00:02:32,235 --> 00:02:32,555 And, 56 00:02:33,354 --> 00:02:34,314 we know that, 57 00:02:34,634 --> 00:02:35,775 in the near future, 58 00:02:37,050 --> 00:02:38,830 the human race is, 59 00:02:40,009 --> 00:02:41,849 trying to make a long term, 60 00:02:42,250 --> 00:02:44,889 spacecraft to the, let's say, to the Mars 61 00:02:44,889 --> 00:02:45,789 or whatsoever. 62 00:02:46,409 --> 00:02:48,650 And so they can cause an oedema in 63 00:02:48,650 --> 00:02:50,909 the macular area. This is the most sensitive 64 00:02:51,050 --> 00:02:53,044 part of the eye, and it's responsible 65 00:02:53,425 --> 00:02:55,444 for sharp visual acuity. 66 00:02:55,985 --> 00:02:56,965 So we, 67 00:02:57,625 --> 00:02:59,745 if we know about this, then we should 68 00:02:59,745 --> 00:03:00,485 do something. 69 00:03:00,865 --> 00:03:02,405 And, there's a medication, 70 00:03:03,104 --> 00:03:03,764 a nonsteroid 71 00:03:04,064 --> 00:03:06,739 anti inflammatory drop, which if we administer, 72 00:03:07,280 --> 00:03:08,739 then it can prevent 73 00:03:09,439 --> 00:03:10,259 and treat, 74 00:03:10,639 --> 00:03:12,819 the edema of the macular area. 75 00:03:13,280 --> 00:03:14,979 But it it is a fluid. 76 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:17,360 So, therefore, we thought that we have to 77 00:03:17,360 --> 00:03:19,539 do something because among zero gravity, 78 00:03:20,105 --> 00:03:22,205 drops are really not working. 79 00:03:24,025 --> 00:03:26,105 So so what what's the main problem? Why 80 00:03:26,105 --> 00:03:28,284 why can't we use the drops in space? 81 00:03:28,745 --> 00:03:30,905 You know, then in amongst zero gravity, the 82 00:03:30,905 --> 00:03:33,544 absence of gravity, dosing of fluid drops is 83 00:03:33,544 --> 00:03:34,444 nearly impossible 84 00:03:34,990 --> 00:03:36,909 because it evaporates in, 85 00:03:38,030 --> 00:03:38,930 in the air, 86 00:03:39,550 --> 00:03:40,050 due 87 00:03:40,590 --> 00:03:42,909 to instability of the drops. And placing a 88 00:03:42,909 --> 00:03:46,110 required amount of drops is also challenging among, 89 00:03:46,590 --> 00:03:47,330 zero gravity. 90 00:03:48,395 --> 00:03:51,354 So the accurate administration of the, drugs by 91 00:03:51,354 --> 00:03:52,495 drops has limitation, 92 00:03:53,675 --> 00:03:54,335 on ground, 93 00:03:54,875 --> 00:03:55,935 maybe as well. 94 00:03:56,235 --> 00:03:56,974 So the, 95 00:03:57,754 --> 00:03:58,895 therefore, we 96 00:03:59,275 --> 00:04:00,735 have to find a solution 97 00:04:01,115 --> 00:04:02,175 how to administer, 98 00:04:03,110 --> 00:04:05,830 the drops, and it should not be in 99 00:04:05,830 --> 00:04:07,750 a fluid state, that it should be in 100 00:04:07,750 --> 00:04:08,810 a solid state. 101 00:04:09,430 --> 00:04:11,210 So, there was the, 102 00:04:11,830 --> 00:04:13,210 motivation for developing 103 00:04:13,830 --> 00:04:14,655 the so called 104 00:04:16,014 --> 00:04:17,074 eye eye insert. 105 00:04:17,535 --> 00:04:19,935 So you decided to create a solid insert 106 00:04:19,935 --> 00:04:22,834 to treat SANS, which is spaceflight associated 107 00:04:23,294 --> 00:04:24,514 neuro ocular syndrome? 108 00:04:25,935 --> 00:04:27,855 So SANS is one of the top five 109 00:04:27,855 --> 00:04:30,355 health problems noticed during space mission. 110 00:04:30,839 --> 00:04:33,480 The occurrence is usually fifty percent after a 111 00:04:33,480 --> 00:04:35,180 few months of, spaceflight. 112 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:38,600 The rate of vision loss ranges from minor 113 00:04:38,600 --> 00:04:39,819 to, quite, 114 00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:41,180 severe, 115 00:04:41,639 --> 00:04:42,139 problems 116 00:04:42,675 --> 00:04:44,214 where could be also, 117 00:04:44,675 --> 00:04:45,175 caused 118 00:04:45,555 --> 00:04:47,014 so called legal blindness. 119 00:04:47,314 --> 00:04:49,394 And this is very important for the astronauts 120 00:04:49,394 --> 00:04:51,314 because they have to see what they do, 121 00:04:51,555 --> 00:04:53,495 with the computer instrumentation 122 00:04:54,354 --> 00:04:55,095 in spacecraft. 123 00:04:56,389 --> 00:04:59,029 So to address these problems of SANS, the 124 00:04:59,029 --> 00:05:01,910 precise and simple dosing of ophthalmic drugs used 125 00:05:01,910 --> 00:05:04,250 for topical treatments is a key issue. 126 00:05:05,589 --> 00:05:07,910 So, therefore, we saw that we have to 127 00:05:07,910 --> 00:05:09,770 do a solid solution, 128 00:05:10,535 --> 00:05:12,634 which can be soaked by the, 129 00:05:13,334 --> 00:05:17,115 medication like, the, non steroid anti inflammatory, 130 00:05:18,134 --> 00:05:18,634 fluid. 131 00:05:19,014 --> 00:05:22,214 And to insert in the lower lid, of 132 00:05:22,214 --> 00:05:24,634 the eye, it, solves dissolves, 133 00:05:25,014 --> 00:05:25,514 within 134 00:05:26,329 --> 00:05:28,669 a certain time, a certain time span, 135 00:05:28,970 --> 00:05:31,689 and, can be the drug can be released, 136 00:05:31,689 --> 00:05:34,250 and the drug can have the effect, on 137 00:05:34,250 --> 00:05:34,909 the eye 138 00:05:35,209 --> 00:05:35,709 without, 139 00:05:36,409 --> 00:05:36,909 using, 140 00:05:37,529 --> 00:05:37,904 drops. 141 00:05:39,105 --> 00:05:42,404 Okay. So, the device is based on nanofibers. 142 00:05:42,865 --> 00:05:45,345 So what's the role of the nanofibers in 143 00:05:45,345 --> 00:05:45,845 this? 144 00:05:46,384 --> 00:05:46,884 Yes. 145 00:05:47,904 --> 00:05:49,985 It was mentioned by the professor that we 146 00:05:49,985 --> 00:05:52,084 have to make a solid formula 147 00:05:52,600 --> 00:05:53,819 which can contains, 148 00:05:54,279 --> 00:05:54,779 different, 149 00:05:55,399 --> 00:05:57,500 drugs or or active pharmaceutical 150 00:05:57,959 --> 00:05:59,420 in ingredients in the future. 151 00:06:00,199 --> 00:06:00,600 But, 152 00:06:01,240 --> 00:06:03,319 if you want to prepare an eye drop, 153 00:06:03,319 --> 00:06:04,779 it's not too, 154 00:06:05,399 --> 00:06:07,500 hard to to produce because 155 00:06:08,074 --> 00:06:10,334 you have to reach a quite stable solution, 156 00:06:11,115 --> 00:06:14,555 using water and and almost that. So but 157 00:06:14,555 --> 00:06:17,115 to create a solid formula is it's not 158 00:06:17,115 --> 00:06:18,095 easy to do. 159 00:06:19,915 --> 00:06:20,814 And, previously, 160 00:06:21,194 --> 00:06:23,454 we worked a lot with nanofibers, 161 00:06:24,370 --> 00:06:24,949 which means 162 00:06:25,329 --> 00:06:25,829 electrospoon, 163 00:06:26,769 --> 00:06:27,269 nanofibers. 164 00:06:28,529 --> 00:06:32,230 And, it means that we produce these, polymeric 165 00:06:32,610 --> 00:06:33,829 fibers using 166 00:06:34,129 --> 00:06:34,629 electrospinning 167 00:06:35,009 --> 00:06:35,509 technique. 168 00:06:36,129 --> 00:06:38,230 It's a so called electro hydrodynamic 169 00:06:38,689 --> 00:06:39,189 method 170 00:06:39,524 --> 00:06:40,024 to 171 00:06:40,404 --> 00:06:41,125 form solid, 172 00:06:41,524 --> 00:06:42,745 but quite soft, 173 00:06:43,205 --> 00:06:45,464 materials, mattresses, which contains, 174 00:06:46,084 --> 00:06:49,365 like a tissue, like a nonwoven tissue, of 175 00:06:49,365 --> 00:06:49,605 these, 176 00:06:50,404 --> 00:06:50,904 nanofibers. 177 00:06:51,605 --> 00:06:52,745 And, the basic, 178 00:06:53,285 --> 00:06:54,904 concept of this technology 179 00:06:55,420 --> 00:06:57,839 is to make make us a a stable 180 00:06:57,900 --> 00:06:58,400 solution 181 00:06:58,860 --> 00:07:00,800 from your drug candidate 182 00:07:01,259 --> 00:07:03,980 and make a stable solution from your, 183 00:07:04,699 --> 00:07:06,160 basic polymer materials. 184 00:07:06,540 --> 00:07:08,379 After that, you should make a good, 185 00:07:09,084 --> 00:07:09,584 homogen 186 00:07:10,044 --> 00:07:12,305 mixture, from these two component. 187 00:07:12,764 --> 00:07:13,844 And after that, 188 00:07:14,284 --> 00:07:17,345 you can, apply this outer spinning technique, 189 00:07:18,284 --> 00:07:19,164 which means, 190 00:07:19,724 --> 00:07:20,224 rapid 191 00:07:20,604 --> 00:07:21,759 almost immediate, 192 00:07:23,420 --> 00:07:25,500 dryness of this, liquid, 193 00:07:25,819 --> 00:07:26,959 component mixture. 194 00:07:27,420 --> 00:07:30,959 And after that, you can, collect this 195 00:07:31,259 --> 00:07:33,580 dried by but, soft, 196 00:07:34,220 --> 00:07:34,720 nonwoven 197 00:07:35,339 --> 00:07:35,839 scaffolds. 198 00:07:36,805 --> 00:07:39,384 And during this process, this, polymer 199 00:07:39,764 --> 00:07:40,264 change, 200 00:07:41,204 --> 00:07:43,125 which can be found in in in the, 201 00:07:43,764 --> 00:07:45,305 initial precursor mixture 202 00:07:45,764 --> 00:07:47,784 can entrap or encapsulate 203 00:07:48,644 --> 00:07:50,504 the drug component inside 204 00:07:51,204 --> 00:07:51,944 the fibers. 205 00:07:52,649 --> 00:07:53,709 So this, 206 00:07:54,250 --> 00:07:55,230 this process 207 00:07:55,610 --> 00:07:57,870 mean the drug formulation step. 208 00:07:58,330 --> 00:08:00,970 And it's also important to note that, 209 00:08:01,449 --> 00:08:03,629 this polymer chain can encapsulate 210 00:08:04,250 --> 00:08:05,805 small molecular drugs 211 00:08:06,285 --> 00:08:07,104 or macromolecular 212 00:08:07,564 --> 00:08:08,704 drugs or biological 213 00:08:09,004 --> 00:08:09,504 agents 214 00:08:09,884 --> 00:08:11,264 because the shaping, 215 00:08:11,964 --> 00:08:12,604 of these, 216 00:08:13,004 --> 00:08:14,944 components are so flexible. 217 00:08:15,485 --> 00:08:16,865 So this matrix, 218 00:08:17,485 --> 00:08:17,964 will, 219 00:08:18,285 --> 00:08:19,024 be presented 220 00:08:19,485 --> 00:08:20,544 as an institute 221 00:08:20,930 --> 00:08:21,430 formation, 222 00:08:23,329 --> 00:08:25,009 next to the next to the, 223 00:08:25,649 --> 00:08:26,709 drag components. 224 00:08:27,089 --> 00:08:28,469 And the final materials, 225 00:08:29,169 --> 00:08:31,909 we will be a very, very flexible tissue 226 00:08:32,049 --> 00:08:32,549 like, 227 00:08:33,169 --> 00:08:33,669 matrices. 228 00:08:34,054 --> 00:08:36,294 And after that, you have to have to 229 00:08:36,294 --> 00:08:36,794 make 230 00:08:37,414 --> 00:08:39,975 a so called downstream process to to create 231 00:08:39,975 --> 00:08:42,315 the final form, of this tissue. 232 00:08:42,934 --> 00:08:45,574 And in this project, this this was the 233 00:08:45,574 --> 00:08:48,154 the most maybe one of the most, innovative 234 00:08:48,294 --> 00:08:51,750 step how we can form this this, 235 00:08:52,470 --> 00:08:55,210 eye insert to to ensure 236 00:08:55,589 --> 00:08:57,289 the the required geometry, 237 00:08:57,990 --> 00:09:00,970 size, surface properties, physical chemical, 238 00:09:01,350 --> 00:09:03,210 properties, and so on and so on. 239 00:09:04,995 --> 00:09:06,134 So, our innovation, 240 00:09:07,154 --> 00:09:07,654 involve 241 00:09:08,115 --> 00:09:09,894 some existing method, 242 00:09:10,355 --> 00:09:11,174 but finally, 243 00:09:11,794 --> 00:09:14,194 hopefully, you make a brand new mixture of 244 00:09:14,194 --> 00:09:16,834 of the existing method to to create something 245 00:09:16,834 --> 00:09:20,110 new which can be maybe a promising alternative, 246 00:09:21,210 --> 00:09:22,509 for example, to create, 247 00:09:23,210 --> 00:09:25,289 eye disease in in space and, of course, 248 00:09:25,289 --> 00:09:26,669 on the ground as well. 249 00:09:27,210 --> 00:09:29,450 Okay. So, basically, you've got these sort of, 250 00:09:30,730 --> 00:09:31,230 biocompatible 251 00:09:31,690 --> 00:09:32,190 polymers, 252 00:09:32,674 --> 00:09:35,235 and then they are, the drug is is 253 00:09:35,235 --> 00:09:37,235 incorporated into them, and you make them the 254 00:09:37,235 --> 00:09:39,894 correct size and and everything. So 255 00:09:40,274 --> 00:09:42,355 how how long a time period can the 256 00:09:42,355 --> 00:09:44,194 insert deliver drugs? So if you put it 257 00:09:44,194 --> 00:09:46,434 into your eye, can it sort of deliver 258 00:09:46,434 --> 00:09:47,334 over a longer 259 00:09:47,714 --> 00:09:50,169 time period? Because obviously, with eye drops, you 260 00:09:50,169 --> 00:09:51,789 have to do them every few hours, 261 00:09:52,330 --> 00:09:54,110 which Yes. It's 262 00:09:54,649 --> 00:09:55,450 very, very, 263 00:09:55,929 --> 00:09:58,649 interesting and straightforward question because the, 264 00:09:59,769 --> 00:10:02,644 we we we, saw that, this is the 265 00:10:02,644 --> 00:10:04,404 one of the the unique advantages 266 00:10:04,964 --> 00:10:06,184 advantage of nanofibers, 267 00:10:07,365 --> 00:10:10,644 because it's on demand. So, you you can 268 00:10:10,644 --> 00:10:11,384 set up, 269 00:10:12,404 --> 00:10:15,144 the the dissolution properties of this insert 270 00:10:15,679 --> 00:10:17,299 by the selection of 271 00:10:17,919 --> 00:10:18,959 the the good, 272 00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:20,740 type of polymers, 273 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:24,019 the the structural properties, the morphological, 274 00:10:24,559 --> 00:10:25,059 properties. 275 00:10:25,519 --> 00:10:28,384 For example, the molecular mass of the polymer 276 00:10:28,445 --> 00:10:30,685 is one of the the key properties which 277 00:10:30,685 --> 00:10:32,865 can directly influence this solution, 278 00:10:33,245 --> 00:10:33,745 profile. 279 00:10:34,605 --> 00:10:37,024 So, if you want and if you need, 280 00:10:38,045 --> 00:10:39,345 rapid, dissolution, 281 00:10:40,205 --> 00:10:41,185 you can make 282 00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:42,549 detailed optimization 283 00:10:42,929 --> 00:10:45,730 to find the the good polymer candidate and 284 00:10:45,730 --> 00:10:47,029 good airflow spinning, 285 00:10:47,970 --> 00:10:48,470 conditions. 286 00:10:49,089 --> 00:10:50,789 Or if you need an elongated, 287 00:10:51,330 --> 00:10:54,450 this solution, elongated release of the drug, for 288 00:10:54,450 --> 00:10:56,294 example, to make a much more 289 00:10:56,855 --> 00:10:57,355 extended 290 00:10:58,534 --> 00:10:59,034 therapeutic 291 00:10:59,414 --> 00:10:59,914 window, 292 00:11:00,294 --> 00:11:01,654 you can you can find, 293 00:11:02,054 --> 00:11:03,274 other type of polymer 294 00:11:03,735 --> 00:11:06,855 to to ensure a much slower, dissolution. For 295 00:11:06,855 --> 00:11:07,355 example, 296 00:11:08,454 --> 00:11:09,174 one day, 297 00:11:09,654 --> 00:11:12,430 time frame. So it strongly depend on on 298 00:11:12,430 --> 00:11:14,769 the aims of the final therapeutic application, 299 00:11:15,309 --> 00:11:16,930 but we have the possibility, 300 00:11:17,870 --> 00:11:21,250 to to control this, physical chemical properties, 301 00:11:21,629 --> 00:11:24,509 of of of the drug release. And it's 302 00:11:24,509 --> 00:11:27,164 also very important to know that, okay, we 303 00:11:27,164 --> 00:11:28,785 we know the the, 304 00:11:29,404 --> 00:11:33,004 suitable drug candidate, for example, to treat, the 305 00:11:33,004 --> 00:11:34,304 SANS, symptoms. 306 00:11:34,684 --> 00:11:37,184 But our study on the ISS was, 307 00:11:37,644 --> 00:11:39,985 a very, very important first step, 308 00:11:40,589 --> 00:11:43,009 just to to make a technological demonstration 309 00:11:43,389 --> 00:11:46,750 that this type of drug carrier system can 310 00:11:46,750 --> 00:11:49,309 be a good direction or not. So our 311 00:11:49,309 --> 00:11:52,829 first experience was about to to test and 312 00:11:52,829 --> 00:11:53,325 check, 313 00:11:54,285 --> 00:11:57,184 the applicability of this so called empty, 314 00:11:57,725 --> 00:11:58,865 of the mic insert 315 00:11:59,165 --> 00:12:01,745 which, didn't contain drug. 316 00:12:02,445 --> 00:12:05,165 Only just the the carrier, materials and the 317 00:12:05,165 --> 00:12:06,785 polymeric components because, 318 00:12:07,449 --> 00:12:09,389 of course, you have to have to, 319 00:12:10,490 --> 00:12:12,350 check a lot of official regulation, 320 00:12:13,289 --> 00:12:14,829 stated by our 321 00:12:15,610 --> 00:12:16,909 official governmental 322 00:12:18,169 --> 00:12:18,669 systems 323 00:12:19,049 --> 00:12:20,169 or or has, 324 00:12:20,649 --> 00:12:23,174 offices. And, of course, we have to, 325 00:12:24,615 --> 00:12:27,254 have to pass a lot of safety and 326 00:12:27,254 --> 00:12:28,475 and other test, 327 00:12:29,654 --> 00:12:30,294 which was, 328 00:12:31,254 --> 00:12:34,534 required by the Nasar, Exxon, SLS, and so 329 00:12:34,534 --> 00:12:35,194 on. So 330 00:12:35,519 --> 00:12:36,720 we we have have to, 331 00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:39,139 find the type of polymer, 332 00:12:39,519 --> 00:12:40,180 the applicable 333 00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:41,220 liquids, 334 00:12:42,080 --> 00:12:44,660 the the shape and the other, other parameters 335 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:45,620 of the insert 336 00:12:47,040 --> 00:12:48,000 to to make, 337 00:12:48,480 --> 00:12:48,960 really, 338 00:12:49,535 --> 00:12:51,634 safe and and and applicable, 339 00:12:52,654 --> 00:12:53,475 drug resistant. 340 00:12:54,575 --> 00:12:56,495 I would I would like to add something 341 00:12:56,495 --> 00:12:56,995 that, 342 00:12:58,654 --> 00:12:59,315 in space, 343 00:13:00,095 --> 00:13:03,090 you might need a long term application of 344 00:13:03,730 --> 00:13:06,070 drugs like the anti inflammatory 345 00:13:07,009 --> 00:13:10,710 drops and, might be also short term, needed, 346 00:13:10,850 --> 00:13:11,590 like antibiotics. 347 00:13:12,690 --> 00:13:13,190 Usually, 348 00:13:13,649 --> 00:13:16,930 during earth conditions, antibiotics should be administered about 349 00:13:16,930 --> 00:13:19,144 three, four times a day. But, 350 00:13:20,565 --> 00:13:23,764 this slow release could be very important for 351 00:13:23,764 --> 00:13:25,625 the non steroidal anti inflammatory 352 00:13:26,644 --> 00:13:27,625 drugs. So, 353 00:13:28,165 --> 00:13:30,085 in the near future, we have to test 354 00:13:30,085 --> 00:13:30,585 that, 355 00:13:31,684 --> 00:13:32,504 which component, 356 00:13:33,125 --> 00:13:34,504 is responsible for 357 00:13:35,580 --> 00:13:38,779 long release and for short release. And in 358 00:13:38,779 --> 00:13:40,700 spacecraft, in long long term, 359 00:13:41,100 --> 00:13:41,600 spacecraft, 360 00:13:43,100 --> 00:13:44,799 astronauts might have conjunctivitis 361 00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:45,899 such, 362 00:13:46,460 --> 00:13:48,000 intraocular pressure elevation, 363 00:13:48,965 --> 00:13:51,785 and so not only macular and sun related 364 00:13:52,004 --> 00:13:52,504 problems. 365 00:13:52,965 --> 00:13:55,285 So I think we we have to prepare 366 00:13:55,285 --> 00:13:55,605 that, 367 00:13:56,404 --> 00:13:57,865 quite many optometic, 368 00:13:59,045 --> 00:14:01,625 drugs should be available on spacecraft. 369 00:14:03,009 --> 00:14:05,090 Okay. And and could the insert be used 370 00:14:05,090 --> 00:14:06,790 to deliver more than one drug? 371 00:14:07,730 --> 00:14:08,230 Yes. 372 00:14:09,730 --> 00:14:11,970 We have a lot of, quite long and 373 00:14:11,970 --> 00:14:13,190 interesting discussion, 374 00:14:13,649 --> 00:14:16,309 with professor and and with our, team. 375 00:14:17,625 --> 00:14:18,125 And, 376 00:14:18,745 --> 00:14:20,605 we have a lot of idea, 377 00:14:22,024 --> 00:14:23,004 what type of, 378 00:14:23,465 --> 00:14:26,345 drugs can be a good candidate to to 379 00:14:26,345 --> 00:14:29,865 treat other disease not only. So we don't 380 00:14:29,865 --> 00:14:30,684 want to focusing, 381 00:14:31,740 --> 00:14:34,860 only on SARS, but other general parameters can 382 00:14:34,860 --> 00:14:37,419 be also caused, during the space vet or, 383 00:14:37,419 --> 00:14:38,080 of course, 384 00:14:38,700 --> 00:14:41,179 in on in the on ground, patient care, 385 00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:42,159 as well. 386 00:14:43,019 --> 00:14:44,559 So, yes, absolutely. 387 00:14:45,659 --> 00:14:46,559 It it was, 388 00:14:47,904 --> 00:14:48,644 a basic, 389 00:14:49,105 --> 00:14:49,605 basic, 390 00:14:50,225 --> 00:14:50,725 requirement 391 00:14:51,105 --> 00:14:52,865 in our team to make, 392 00:14:53,424 --> 00:14:56,965 more or less generally applicable drug delivery system, 393 00:14:57,184 --> 00:14:58,485 which can be applied, 394 00:14:58,865 --> 00:14:59,605 to formulate, 395 00:15:00,225 --> 00:15:00,725 different, 396 00:15:01,585 --> 00:15:01,950 drugs. 397 00:15:02,910 --> 00:15:05,490 Let let me give you one practical example 398 00:15:05,629 --> 00:15:06,129 that, 399 00:15:06,990 --> 00:15:07,490 in, 400 00:15:07,870 --> 00:15:08,370 normal, 401 00:15:08,830 --> 00:15:10,610 patients, glaucoma patients, 402 00:15:10,910 --> 00:15:14,129 there are medication which has two different components. 403 00:15:14,269 --> 00:15:14,769 So, 404 00:15:15,424 --> 00:15:16,064 I think, 405 00:15:16,544 --> 00:15:17,605 on this example, 406 00:15:18,784 --> 00:15:20,485 we have to work on that that, 407 00:15:21,985 --> 00:15:22,485 several, 408 00:15:23,345 --> 00:15:26,804 drugs can be inserted into this insert then 409 00:15:27,230 --> 00:15:29,889 can can have, the effect, among, 410 00:15:31,149 --> 00:15:33,230 zero gravity. So I think this is very 411 00:15:33,230 --> 00:15:34,909 important, and it was a very good question. 412 00:15:34,909 --> 00:15:38,370 So already there are medications in Earth's conditions 413 00:15:38,669 --> 00:15:41,970 with, two or three kind of different, drugs. 414 00:15:42,394 --> 00:15:45,115 So on on this principle, we can, use 415 00:15:45,115 --> 00:15:46,794 this idea also among, 416 00:15:47,355 --> 00:15:47,855 spacecrafts. 417 00:15:49,915 --> 00:15:52,315 Okay. And then my next question is, how 418 00:15:52,315 --> 00:15:54,495 easy is the insert to use? 419 00:15:55,929 --> 00:15:58,889 Yes. It's a good question because it strongly 420 00:15:58,889 --> 00:16:01,070 depends on the on the user, of course. 421 00:16:03,209 --> 00:16:04,829 I I think it's not 422 00:16:05,929 --> 00:16:08,909 more difficult than to apply a simple, 423 00:16:09,289 --> 00:16:10,909 regular contact lens 424 00:16:11,445 --> 00:16:14,425 anyway because, it's it's a very, very small 425 00:16:16,004 --> 00:16:16,504 object. 426 00:16:18,004 --> 00:16:18,504 Yes. 427 00:16:18,884 --> 00:16:21,285 Maybe we can we can use the example 428 00:16:21,285 --> 00:16:22,184 of, for example, 429 00:16:22,725 --> 00:16:23,545 small rice, 430 00:16:24,004 --> 00:16:24,504 piece. 431 00:16:25,764 --> 00:16:27,330 But, it's a very, very, 432 00:16:27,809 --> 00:16:29,669 important difference that our 433 00:16:30,049 --> 00:16:33,029 inserts are so soft and flexible. 434 00:16:35,090 --> 00:16:35,590 And 435 00:16:36,129 --> 00:16:38,549 just have to put this small, 436 00:16:39,304 --> 00:16:40,924 ophthalmic insert manually, 437 00:16:41,384 --> 00:16:43,964 into your lower eyelid. 438 00:16:44,345 --> 00:16:45,464 And after that, 439 00:16:46,105 --> 00:16:48,044 maybe after few blinking, 440 00:16:49,304 --> 00:16:50,204 and after 441 00:16:50,824 --> 00:16:52,365 half or one minute, 442 00:16:53,230 --> 00:16:53,970 you won't 443 00:16:54,350 --> 00:16:54,830 feel, 444 00:16:55,230 --> 00:16:55,889 the veering, 445 00:16:56,509 --> 00:16:58,370 of of of this insert. 446 00:16:58,750 --> 00:16:59,490 And, anyway, 447 00:17:00,509 --> 00:17:01,410 your your 448 00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:03,490 vision, 449 00:17:04,430 --> 00:17:05,410 will be exactly, 450 00:17:06,109 --> 00:17:06,849 the same, 451 00:17:07,755 --> 00:17:09,134 with inserts and without, 452 00:17:09,994 --> 00:17:10,494 inserts, 453 00:17:11,195 --> 00:17:11,855 of course. 454 00:17:12,555 --> 00:17:14,335 And, if if you, 455 00:17:15,355 --> 00:17:15,855 don't, 456 00:17:16,555 --> 00:17:17,755 pull down your, 457 00:17:18,154 --> 00:17:18,654 eyelid, 458 00:17:19,275 --> 00:17:20,414 and other people 459 00:17:20,875 --> 00:17:21,359 won't, 460 00:17:21,839 --> 00:17:22,339 realize 461 00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:25,119 that you wear the insert or not because 462 00:17:25,119 --> 00:17:25,619 it's, 463 00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:26,900 absolutely, 464 00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:29,140 absolutely, 465 00:17:30,559 --> 00:17:31,059 discreet. 466 00:17:31,359 --> 00:17:31,859 So, 467 00:17:33,359 --> 00:17:35,059 I think it's a good good point. 468 00:17:35,920 --> 00:17:36,420 And, 469 00:17:37,144 --> 00:17:39,884 yes, maybe, of course, it needs some training, 470 00:17:40,984 --> 00:17:44,105 because you have to put something into your 471 00:17:44,105 --> 00:17:46,984 eye. So, obviously, you have to practice it. 472 00:17:46,984 --> 00:17:48,924 But, as I know, if you, 473 00:17:49,960 --> 00:17:50,700 go to, 474 00:17:51,319 --> 00:17:53,339 shop land shop and and want to, 475 00:17:53,960 --> 00:17:54,779 be a first 476 00:17:55,159 --> 00:17:57,480 contact lens user, you have to do the 477 00:17:57,480 --> 00:17:59,339 same procedure just to 478 00:17:59,720 --> 00:18:00,700 to to train, 479 00:18:01,159 --> 00:18:03,319 the the application of the lens. So I 480 00:18:03,319 --> 00:18:04,904 think it's it's very similar, 481 00:18:05,924 --> 00:18:07,144 with our, inserts, 482 00:18:07,845 --> 00:18:10,565 as well. It's not more complicated than, 483 00:18:10,884 --> 00:18:13,605 dropping into the eye. It cannot be seen, 484 00:18:13,605 --> 00:18:15,765 and it cannot be fed within a couple 485 00:18:15,765 --> 00:18:19,259 of seconds. So and it dissolves automatically by 486 00:18:19,259 --> 00:18:20,640 itself and releasing, 487 00:18:21,099 --> 00:18:21,839 the drug, 488 00:18:22,220 --> 00:18:23,200 which is incorporated. 489 00:18:23,660 --> 00:18:26,220 So I think it's quite easy to use. 490 00:18:26,220 --> 00:18:27,519 I think also notes, 491 00:18:29,019 --> 00:18:31,484 can make much more difficult tasks. 492 00:18:32,125 --> 00:18:32,625 Yes. 493 00:18:33,005 --> 00:18:33,505 Anyway, 494 00:18:34,045 --> 00:18:36,204 that was one of the first, in the 495 00:18:36,204 --> 00:18:37,025 most important, 496 00:18:37,404 --> 00:18:39,984 questions said that, okay, we have experience 497 00:18:40,684 --> 00:18:41,424 on the ground, 498 00:18:41,804 --> 00:18:44,045 with the natural condition. And, 499 00:18:44,444 --> 00:18:45,184 for example, 500 00:18:47,460 --> 00:18:49,460 the aim of of the study on the 501 00:18:49,460 --> 00:18:49,960 ISS, 502 00:18:50,899 --> 00:18:52,279 is to to explore 503 00:18:52,740 --> 00:18:55,159 the differences in the insert application, 504 00:18:55,460 --> 00:18:56,119 the manually, 505 00:18:57,220 --> 00:18:59,399 the the effect, and and and 506 00:18:59,904 --> 00:19:01,845 the the feelings of the insert viewing, 507 00:19:02,545 --> 00:19:04,704 on on on the ISS. So it's a 508 00:19:04,704 --> 00:19:05,605 very important, 509 00:19:06,065 --> 00:19:06,565 question. 510 00:19:07,345 --> 00:19:08,545 Yeah. So, I mean, I was I was 511 00:19:08,545 --> 00:19:09,924 gonna ask. So, basically, 512 00:19:10,305 --> 00:19:12,884 in very recent Axiom mission four, 513 00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:15,919 these eye inserts were taken to the International 514 00:19:15,919 --> 00:19:16,899 Space Station 515 00:19:17,519 --> 00:19:18,980 for this testing in space, 516 00:19:19,839 --> 00:19:21,940 and the experiment was called ENGSANS. 517 00:19:22,640 --> 00:19:24,319 So, can you tell me a bit more 518 00:19:24,319 --> 00:19:26,099 about what these tests involved? 519 00:19:29,565 --> 00:19:30,125 Yes. So, 520 00:19:31,085 --> 00:19:31,585 because, 521 00:19:32,684 --> 00:19:36,144 you know, it's very, difficult to to involve, 522 00:19:37,565 --> 00:19:38,704 analytical systems, 523 00:19:39,244 --> 00:19:41,244 on on the ISS because, of course, it 524 00:19:41,244 --> 00:19:42,545 has a lot of, limitation. 525 00:19:43,759 --> 00:19:45,039 We wanted to explore, 526 00:19:45,359 --> 00:19:46,899 at the first time that, 527 00:19:47,759 --> 00:19:48,980 just just to collect, 528 00:19:49,359 --> 00:19:52,819 some some extra information about the, insert placing, 529 00:19:52,960 --> 00:19:55,380 insert wearing, how it can, affect 530 00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:56,720 the the simple, 531 00:19:57,634 --> 00:19:58,615 vision properties. 532 00:19:59,234 --> 00:20:00,434 So to to do, 533 00:20:00,835 --> 00:20:01,335 this, 534 00:20:03,474 --> 00:20:05,095 we apply some standardized 535 00:20:05,634 --> 00:20:06,134 questionnaire, 536 00:20:07,394 --> 00:20:08,214 which is, 537 00:20:08,835 --> 00:20:11,414 which is good to to make an objective 538 00:20:11,875 --> 00:20:12,375 information 539 00:20:14,250 --> 00:20:15,789 about the the vision, 540 00:20:16,250 --> 00:20:16,750 properties. 541 00:20:17,370 --> 00:20:19,769 This is the abbreviation of, visual, 542 00:20:20,170 --> 00:20:20,670 sensing, 543 00:20:21,450 --> 00:20:24,350 setup and the ocular surface disease index. 544 00:20:25,424 --> 00:20:27,125 It contains some standardized, 545 00:20:28,464 --> 00:20:29,365 direct question 546 00:20:29,744 --> 00:20:30,484 to measure, 547 00:20:31,505 --> 00:20:34,944 these these, these properties on the wearing, on 548 00:20:34,944 --> 00:20:36,464 the application, and and, 549 00:20:37,264 --> 00:20:39,444 and about the the the division, 550 00:20:39,825 --> 00:20:40,325 properties, 551 00:20:41,849 --> 00:20:44,509 because, you know, it's not easy to tell, 552 00:20:45,130 --> 00:20:47,630 something because it can be so subjective 553 00:20:47,930 --> 00:20:48,430 to 554 00:20:48,809 --> 00:20:50,029 to to describe. 555 00:20:50,570 --> 00:20:53,230 So, we really want to to apply 556 00:20:53,535 --> 00:20:56,115 something standardized and and, and measurable, 557 00:20:58,975 --> 00:20:59,555 a test, 558 00:21:00,174 --> 00:21:00,914 on it. 559 00:21:01,295 --> 00:21:02,275 And, of course, 560 00:21:05,055 --> 00:21:07,634 we we try to try to, 561 00:21:07,934 --> 00:21:08,434 involve 562 00:21:11,589 --> 00:21:12,250 some tests, 563 00:21:13,349 --> 00:21:14,170 with with 564 00:21:14,710 --> 00:21:18,089 OCT measurements to make a comparison 565 00:21:18,789 --> 00:21:20,809 between the prayer and the post flight 566 00:21:21,190 --> 00:21:21,690 condition 567 00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:24,315 of of of the eye. 568 00:21:24,634 --> 00:21:27,054 And, of course, we have other, 569 00:21:27,754 --> 00:21:28,254 tests, 570 00:21:28,954 --> 00:21:30,075 to make this this, 571 00:21:30,554 --> 00:21:31,934 a comparative study, 572 00:21:33,194 --> 00:21:33,694 involving, 573 00:21:34,714 --> 00:21:35,214 some 574 00:21:35,754 --> 00:21:37,375 in vitro and ex vivo 575 00:21:39,009 --> 00:21:39,509 investigation 576 00:21:39,890 --> 00:21:42,849 to to check, for example, the changes in 577 00:21:42,849 --> 00:21:44,470 the physical chemical condition, 578 00:21:45,410 --> 00:21:48,609 the the the dissolution conditions and and other 579 00:21:48,609 --> 00:21:51,250 other properties of the insert. And it's also, 580 00:21:51,569 --> 00:21:53,089 important to note that, 581 00:21:54,274 --> 00:21:55,974 beside the the human, 582 00:21:56,515 --> 00:21:57,015 application, 583 00:21:58,595 --> 00:21:58,835 we, 584 00:22:00,115 --> 00:22:01,414 develop some 585 00:22:01,794 --> 00:22:02,294 API, 586 00:22:02,674 --> 00:22:04,214 so active pharmaceutical ingredients 587 00:22:04,674 --> 00:22:05,174 loaded 588 00:22:05,474 --> 00:22:08,134 insert as as well without human application, 589 00:22:08,890 --> 00:22:12,429 but for material research and and pharmaceutical research 590 00:22:13,210 --> 00:22:13,710 because, 591 00:22:14,329 --> 00:22:16,809 we try to plan the future and and 592 00:22:16,809 --> 00:22:18,890 we have to collect the data and the 593 00:22:18,890 --> 00:22:21,390 information. For example, the drug stability 594 00:22:21,769 --> 00:22:24,954 in in this, solid, drug delivery system 595 00:22:25,414 --> 00:22:26,934 just to to see, 596 00:22:27,255 --> 00:22:29,815 what happens and to make a comparison. For 597 00:22:29,815 --> 00:22:30,315 example, 598 00:22:30,855 --> 00:22:31,835 the same drug, 599 00:22:32,375 --> 00:22:33,194 how how, 600 00:22:33,974 --> 00:22:34,875 we'll be affected 601 00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:37,980 in the zero gravity in a classic conversion 602 00:22:38,279 --> 00:22:40,279 hydrop form or in this, 603 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:42,220 developed solid nanofibers, 604 00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:44,380 delivery system because 605 00:22:44,920 --> 00:22:47,180 these informations are so essential 606 00:22:48,535 --> 00:22:50,134 to to make a good basic for the 607 00:22:50,134 --> 00:22:51,035 further development. 608 00:22:53,335 --> 00:22:55,654 Okay. So when will the findings of the 609 00:22:55,654 --> 00:22:56,154 experiment 610 00:22:56,455 --> 00:22:59,575 be analyzed and shared, and what what are 611 00:22:59,575 --> 00:23:01,335 you hoping to see? What results are you 612 00:23:01,335 --> 00:23:02,154 looking for? 613 00:23:03,740 --> 00:23:05,119 Yes. I think, 614 00:23:06,139 --> 00:23:09,019 it's it it can be well fitted in 615 00:23:09,019 --> 00:23:09,519 every, 616 00:23:09,980 --> 00:23:13,359 basic and applied research. So but, of course, 617 00:23:13,740 --> 00:23:14,960 we are so motivated 618 00:23:15,259 --> 00:23:17,259 to collect the the results, and we get 619 00:23:17,259 --> 00:23:19,674 every help from the program and the exon 620 00:23:19,674 --> 00:23:21,674 space and the NASA as well. So we 621 00:23:21,674 --> 00:23:23,835 are very grateful because we have very nice 622 00:23:23,835 --> 00:23:26,654 collaboration, and we want to use every effort. 623 00:23:26,954 --> 00:23:27,994 But I think, 624 00:23:28,315 --> 00:23:28,815 maybe 625 00:23:29,274 --> 00:23:31,230 between half and one year, 626 00:23:33,150 --> 00:23:35,630 And after that, we we can collect the 627 00:23:35,630 --> 00:23:37,089 data, make the the, 628 00:23:37,630 --> 00:23:41,150 evaluation of the results, and and after that, 629 00:23:41,150 --> 00:23:43,069 we can release and and and we can 630 00:23:43,069 --> 00:23:44,174 make a quite 631 00:23:45,134 --> 00:23:45,615 informative, 632 00:23:45,934 --> 00:23:48,355 scientific dissemination of of our findings. 633 00:23:48,975 --> 00:23:51,134 So I think we have to emphasize that 634 00:23:51,134 --> 00:23:52,515 it was a short term, 635 00:23:53,775 --> 00:23:54,275 spacecraft, 636 00:23:54,654 --> 00:23:55,295 so about, 637 00:23:55,695 --> 00:23:56,190 two weeks. 638 00:23:56,750 --> 00:23:59,789 And so we were curious that, this new 639 00:23:59,789 --> 00:24:01,569 technology for the developed eyesert, 640 00:24:02,109 --> 00:24:02,609 application, 641 00:24:03,950 --> 00:24:05,329 we performed it without, 642 00:24:05,789 --> 00:24:06,289 drugs, 643 00:24:06,990 --> 00:24:08,750 how it works. So it was a so 644 00:24:08,750 --> 00:24:10,529 called empty nanofibers 645 00:24:11,149 --> 00:24:11,549 eyesert, 646 00:24:13,125 --> 00:24:13,945 with the potential, 647 00:24:14,484 --> 00:24:15,144 to have, 648 00:24:16,325 --> 00:24:16,825 drug 649 00:24:17,605 --> 00:24:20,644 delivery system, not only one, but, multiple drugs 650 00:24:20,644 --> 00:24:21,305 as well, 651 00:24:21,765 --> 00:24:22,505 if it's 652 00:24:23,125 --> 00:24:23,625 important. 653 00:24:24,244 --> 00:24:25,625 And, so the first, 654 00:24:26,644 --> 00:24:27,945 task was to prove 655 00:24:28,299 --> 00:24:30,799 that it works among zero gravity. 656 00:24:31,339 --> 00:24:32,079 And then, 657 00:24:32,460 --> 00:24:33,500 we can start, 658 00:24:33,980 --> 00:24:35,839 other experiments that, 659 00:24:36,619 --> 00:24:37,119 longer 660 00:24:37,420 --> 00:24:37,920 dissociation, 661 00:24:39,019 --> 00:24:39,519 time, 662 00:24:40,714 --> 00:24:42,474 how it works. Because, 663 00:24:42,954 --> 00:24:44,015 hydrox usually, 664 00:24:46,394 --> 00:24:47,134 with conservative 665 00:24:47,755 --> 00:24:48,255 material 666 00:24:48,714 --> 00:24:50,734 and without conservative material. 667 00:24:51,355 --> 00:24:53,355 So we have to know that how it 668 00:24:53,355 --> 00:24:54,619 works with this nanofibre 669 00:24:54,920 --> 00:24:57,660 insert that does it influence the conservation, 670 00:24:59,079 --> 00:25:00,059 the drug delivery 671 00:25:00,920 --> 00:25:01,980 process or 672 00:25:02,359 --> 00:25:02,859 not? 673 00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:04,380 How it's how 674 00:25:04,920 --> 00:25:07,259 stable is it for a longer time? Because, 675 00:25:07,894 --> 00:25:09,515 if there will be a 676 00:25:09,894 --> 00:25:11,115 one year or two years 677 00:25:11,575 --> 00:25:13,815 mission, then, this is, I think, a very 678 00:25:13,815 --> 00:25:14,315 important, 679 00:25:14,774 --> 00:25:15,994 question. So the 680 00:25:16,615 --> 00:25:19,274 final result of this, trip will be analyzed 681 00:25:19,335 --> 00:25:22,315 within half and, one year as Diana 682 00:25:23,250 --> 00:25:24,869 told. And, hopefully, 683 00:25:25,650 --> 00:25:27,029 we can conclude that, 684 00:25:28,130 --> 00:25:30,230 it works, and we can go on, 685 00:25:30,529 --> 00:25:31,269 for further, 686 00:25:32,210 --> 00:25:33,590 application and experiment, 687 00:25:34,529 --> 00:25:37,250 in Earth conditions as well and also among 688 00:25:37,250 --> 00:25:37,994 zero gravity. 689 00:25:39,035 --> 00:25:41,835 Okay. Great. I mean and then so the 690 00:25:41,835 --> 00:25:44,734 technology was developed by researchers at Semmelweis 691 00:25:45,035 --> 00:25:45,535 University 692 00:25:45,994 --> 00:25:46,815 and Budapest 693 00:25:47,194 --> 00:25:49,055 University Technology and Economics. 694 00:25:50,315 --> 00:25:52,359 So what were the roles of these two 695 00:25:52,359 --> 00:25:53,339 different institutions? 696 00:25:53,799 --> 00:25:56,220 And, also, how does the company SpinSplit 697 00:25:56,519 --> 00:25:57,740 fit in with it all? 698 00:25:59,720 --> 00:26:00,220 This, 699 00:26:01,079 --> 00:26:02,839 I think we can say it's a quite 700 00:26:02,839 --> 00:26:03,339 complex, 701 00:26:04,440 --> 00:26:04,940 innovation 702 00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:06,140 task. So, 703 00:26:07,365 --> 00:26:08,664 absolutely, it involves, 704 00:26:09,525 --> 00:26:09,924 two, 705 00:26:10,484 --> 00:26:12,345 quite big and great university, 706 00:26:12,965 --> 00:26:15,545 in Hungary. And that was Semmelweis University 707 00:26:16,164 --> 00:26:16,664 and, 708 00:26:17,445 --> 00:26:20,664 Budapest University of Technology and and Economics, 709 00:26:22,860 --> 00:26:22,940 because, 710 00:26:24,059 --> 00:26:25,440 we can we can 711 00:26:26,940 --> 00:26:27,440 define 712 00:26:27,900 --> 00:26:28,400 well, 713 00:26:29,580 --> 00:26:30,240 the different 714 00:26:31,259 --> 00:26:31,759 innovation 715 00:26:32,059 --> 00:26:32,559 area 716 00:26:32,860 --> 00:26:33,360 regarding, 717 00:26:33,820 --> 00:26:35,840 the clinical and pharmaceutical development 718 00:26:36,484 --> 00:26:38,025 side and regarding the technological 719 00:26:38,724 --> 00:26:39,224 side 720 00:26:39,525 --> 00:26:40,825 because, of course, 721 00:26:41,365 --> 00:26:42,884 we have a lot of, 722 00:26:43,285 --> 00:26:43,945 lot of, 723 00:26:45,924 --> 00:26:48,585 engineering question and and a lot of pharmaceutical 724 00:26:48,805 --> 00:26:50,265 question and medical question. 725 00:26:51,549 --> 00:26:52,289 So anyway, 726 00:26:53,150 --> 00:26:55,470 just from my side that, was, 727 00:26:56,109 --> 00:26:57,650 the most, interesting, 728 00:26:58,350 --> 00:27:00,850 part of this project, how we can collaborate 729 00:27:00,990 --> 00:27:02,210 and and work together. 730 00:27:02,924 --> 00:27:03,424 And, 731 00:27:04,445 --> 00:27:05,265 and and, 732 00:27:06,605 --> 00:27:08,945 for example, to make, the clinical 733 00:27:09,884 --> 00:27:12,384 trials and tests and the pharmaceutical investigations 734 00:27:13,644 --> 00:27:15,105 and and and the material 735 00:27:17,029 --> 00:27:17,529 investigations 736 00:27:18,390 --> 00:27:19,990 as well. We I think we can make 737 00:27:19,990 --> 00:27:21,450 a quite, fruitful 738 00:27:22,069 --> 00:27:24,230 collaboration and and nature of of this, 739 00:27:24,789 --> 00:27:25,289 institute. 740 00:27:25,750 --> 00:27:26,490 And, anyway, 741 00:27:26,950 --> 00:27:28,250 spin split, it's it's 742 00:27:29,855 --> 00:27:31,275 spin off like, 743 00:27:31,695 --> 00:27:33,875 small company of, the University 744 00:27:34,414 --> 00:27:36,835 of Technology and and Economics. 745 00:27:37,295 --> 00:27:38,434 And, SpinSplit 746 00:27:38,974 --> 00:27:40,434 company is the responsible, 747 00:27:41,575 --> 00:27:42,755 on the nanofiber 748 00:27:43,214 --> 00:27:44,549 production the nanofiber, 749 00:27:45,410 --> 00:27:45,910 development. 750 00:27:46,450 --> 00:27:48,630 And we have to, develop, 751 00:27:49,170 --> 00:27:51,349 a very first, first time anyway, 752 00:27:52,049 --> 00:27:52,869 the aseptic 753 00:27:53,170 --> 00:27:54,549 production of nanofibers 754 00:27:55,250 --> 00:27:56,769 because it was a very, very, 755 00:27:57,274 --> 00:27:57,774 hard 756 00:27:58,154 --> 00:28:00,794 requirements of the of this project that, if 757 00:28:00,794 --> 00:28:03,134 you want to, develop an off atomic, 758 00:28:03,674 --> 00:28:05,534 drug, you have to be sterile. 759 00:28:06,554 --> 00:28:09,595 And it's very easy to, to do if 760 00:28:09,595 --> 00:28:11,759 you want to make a simple eye drop. 761 00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:14,240 Because, for example, with the applying of a 762 00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:16,480 sterile filtration, you can manage it and that's 763 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:16,980 all. 764 00:28:17,519 --> 00:28:18,019 Almost. 765 00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:18,960 But, 766 00:28:19,279 --> 00:28:20,720 we have to have to, 767 00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:21,700 integrate 768 00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:22,660 our technology 769 00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:24,900 on a totally new platform 770 00:28:25,525 --> 00:28:27,204 in in the which means the aseptic, 771 00:28:27,525 --> 00:28:28,025 production. 772 00:28:29,125 --> 00:28:29,605 And, 773 00:28:31,525 --> 00:28:33,285 we could get a lot of very, very 774 00:28:33,285 --> 00:28:33,785 straightforward 775 00:28:34,724 --> 00:28:37,065 information and and vision and approach 776 00:28:37,444 --> 00:28:38,424 in in the final, 777 00:28:38,884 --> 00:28:40,105 development step, 778 00:28:40,815 --> 00:28:43,710 anyway. So SpeedStreet was was the the the 779 00:28:43,710 --> 00:28:44,210 main, 780 00:28:45,150 --> 00:28:47,230 the main head to how we can we 781 00:28:47,230 --> 00:28:47,730 can, 782 00:28:48,509 --> 00:28:49,970 develop this this technology, 783 00:28:50,509 --> 00:28:51,809 on on on the aseptic 784 00:28:53,309 --> 00:28:53,809 production. 785 00:28:54,525 --> 00:28:55,585 I think it's 786 00:28:56,684 --> 00:28:59,345 a very nice combination of translational medicine, 787 00:29:00,445 --> 00:29:03,484 and a cooperation between the technical university and 788 00:29:03,484 --> 00:29:06,365 the medical universities of human studies and the 789 00:29:06,365 --> 00:29:07,984 physical and chemical studies. 790 00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:09,660 And historically, 791 00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:12,539 I, as 792 00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:15,019 a lead ophthalmology in the eye clinic, 793 00:29:16,039 --> 00:29:16,779 were involved 794 00:29:17,799 --> 00:29:18,700 in the pre 795 00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:19,580 examination 796 00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:22,059 of the, astronaut applicants. 797 00:29:22,845 --> 00:29:24,544 And then I looked after 798 00:29:24,845 --> 00:29:27,085 in literature and in everywhere that, 799 00:29:27,884 --> 00:29:28,865 what is the 800 00:29:29,164 --> 00:29:31,265 effect of zero gravity on eye? 801 00:29:31,804 --> 00:29:34,144 And I think it was a very interesting, 802 00:29:35,005 --> 00:29:36,365 realization for me that, 803 00:29:37,339 --> 00:29:39,759 the blood circulation goes upward, 804 00:29:40,380 --> 00:29:42,960 in zero gravity in toward of the head. 805 00:29:43,259 --> 00:29:45,339 And we have a lot of diseases in 806 00:29:45,339 --> 00:29:47,279 earth conditions like diabetes, 807 00:29:47,980 --> 00:29:48,220 then, 808 00:29:48,940 --> 00:29:50,080 macular edema, 809 00:29:50,765 --> 00:29:52,784 in age related macular degeneration, 810 00:29:53,565 --> 00:29:56,684 which resembles in symptoms that what can happen 811 00:29:56,684 --> 00:29:57,904 among zero gravity. 812 00:29:58,365 --> 00:30:00,605 And so we have medication for that. And, 813 00:30:01,085 --> 00:30:03,265 but the medic medication, as I, 814 00:30:03,884 --> 00:30:06,890 told you, explained already at the beginning, that 815 00:30:06,890 --> 00:30:08,670 it's a drop formula. 816 00:30:09,450 --> 00:30:11,529 But it, I also found that that it 817 00:30:11,529 --> 00:30:13,230 doesn't work at all in, 818 00:30:13,769 --> 00:30:14,269 among, 819 00:30:14,890 --> 00:30:16,750 space conditions of zero gravity. 820 00:30:17,210 --> 00:30:19,869 And then we met professor Balog and also 821 00:30:20,695 --> 00:30:21,835 professor Diana, 822 00:30:22,615 --> 00:30:26,695 Weiser Balog and, sat down. And, so my 823 00:30:26,695 --> 00:30:29,174 thought was that we have to find out 824 00:30:29,174 --> 00:30:29,674 some 825 00:30:30,055 --> 00:30:32,295 delivery system which works among, 826 00:30:32,855 --> 00:30:33,595 zero gravity. 827 00:30:34,230 --> 00:30:34,730 And 828 00:30:35,109 --> 00:30:37,990 then they had experience with this technology. I 829 00:30:37,990 --> 00:30:39,690 had experience with atomic, 830 00:30:40,069 --> 00:30:44,170 treatment conditions and, also symptoms and the diagnostics. 831 00:30:44,869 --> 00:30:45,609 And so, 832 00:30:46,549 --> 00:30:48,724 how is it started? This is how is 833 00:30:48,724 --> 00:30:49,684 it started about, 834 00:30:50,325 --> 00:30:52,505 let's say, two years ago. And so, gradually, 835 00:30:53,365 --> 00:30:55,144 we could develop this nanofiber 836 00:30:55,845 --> 00:30:56,345 technology. 837 00:30:57,044 --> 00:30:57,444 And, 838 00:30:58,244 --> 00:31:00,484 so I think, we're on the edge that 839 00:31:00,484 --> 00:31:01,944 it also can be used 840 00:31:02,244 --> 00:31:02,744 for 841 00:31:03,180 --> 00:31:04,480 for some other purposes 842 00:31:05,019 --> 00:31:07,100 among Earth's conditions as well. So it's not 843 00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:07,920 only for 844 00:31:08,220 --> 00:31:11,259 the spacecraft. It it can be used also 845 00:31:11,259 --> 00:31:12,640 among, Earth conditions 846 00:31:13,100 --> 00:31:13,840 for other, 847 00:31:14,220 --> 00:31:16,539 eye diseases and problems. So you have to 848 00:31:16,539 --> 00:31:18,000 have a dedicated ophthalmologist, 849 00:31:18,934 --> 00:31:19,515 a physicist, 850 00:31:21,095 --> 00:31:23,355 and a person with 851 00:31:23,815 --> 00:31:25,035 a chemical and, 852 00:31:26,055 --> 00:31:26,555 pharmaceutical 853 00:31:26,934 --> 00:31:27,434 experiences. 854 00:31:28,535 --> 00:31:29,974 Yeah. And then we all all and we 855 00:31:29,974 --> 00:31:30,474 always, 856 00:31:30,775 --> 00:31:31,515 and continuously, 857 00:31:32,134 --> 00:31:33,275 put our inputs. 858 00:31:33,660 --> 00:31:34,160 So, 859 00:31:35,500 --> 00:31:37,100 I think it was a very, very, 860 00:31:37,900 --> 00:31:38,960 so called classic, 861 00:31:40,140 --> 00:31:42,240 type of of collaboration because 862 00:31:42,539 --> 00:31:45,100 they're always in contact. And then always, if 863 00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:46,640 we have a problem, we always, 864 00:31:46,940 --> 00:31:49,424 discuss it and that everybody put put, 865 00:31:50,045 --> 00:31:52,125 the best for three Yes. Then and and 866 00:31:52,125 --> 00:31:54,125 and the best knowledge to to to solve 867 00:31:54,125 --> 00:31:54,625 it. 868 00:31:54,924 --> 00:31:57,505 And, anyway, we we, can get absolutely, 869 00:31:58,125 --> 00:31:58,785 the maximum, 870 00:31:59,244 --> 00:32:00,224 support for, 871 00:32:01,085 --> 00:32:03,565 from the Hunor, program as well because, 872 00:32:04,309 --> 00:32:06,089 this program has also very, 873 00:32:06,789 --> 00:32:07,690 good experts. 874 00:32:08,150 --> 00:32:11,509 And, we always share our expertise. And and 875 00:32:11,509 --> 00:32:13,849 if we have some problems or limits, 876 00:32:15,349 --> 00:32:16,950 we we can we can manage it and 877 00:32:16,950 --> 00:32:18,309 and and solve it. So, 878 00:32:18,904 --> 00:32:20,904 we are very grateful to the Hunor and 879 00:32:20,904 --> 00:32:23,964 the Axiom, space company, as well because 880 00:32:24,505 --> 00:32:25,404 it was a 881 00:32:25,704 --> 00:32:26,684 a big collaboration 882 00:32:26,984 --> 00:32:29,005 and and and and the hard work 883 00:32:30,839 --> 00:32:31,339 together. 884 00:32:32,279 --> 00:32:35,559 Huna, that's the Hungarian to orbit astronaut program. 885 00:32:35,559 --> 00:32:37,419 Yes. Yes. Yeah. Okay. Cool. 886 00:32:37,799 --> 00:32:38,299 So 887 00:32:40,119 --> 00:32:41,880 just looking to the future, could you sort 888 00:32:41,880 --> 00:32:44,625 of just give an example perhaps of how 889 00:32:44,625 --> 00:32:45,285 the ion 890 00:32:45,744 --> 00:32:47,285 could be used to help astronauts 891 00:32:47,744 --> 00:32:49,845 and also how it could be employed 892 00:32:50,224 --> 00:32:52,164 on Earth more generally in the clinic? 893 00:32:52,705 --> 00:32:53,205 Okay. 894 00:32:53,744 --> 00:32:54,305 I think, 895 00:32:54,705 --> 00:32:56,565 results so far are very promising. 896 00:32:57,440 --> 00:32:59,940 So the application of a solid nonfibrous 897 00:33:00,319 --> 00:33:00,819 insert 898 00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:02,259 could represent 899 00:33:03,359 --> 00:33:05,759 a kind of a straightforward approach to treat 900 00:33:05,759 --> 00:33:07,700 eye disease in space. So, 901 00:33:08,400 --> 00:33:10,180 like, macular edema, 902 00:33:10,804 --> 00:33:11,304 like, 903 00:33:12,244 --> 00:33:14,984 some, edema in other part of the retina, 904 00:33:15,765 --> 00:33:16,664 then swelling, 905 00:33:17,045 --> 00:33:19,545 the optic nerve head, and some, 906 00:33:20,644 --> 00:33:21,144 small, 907 00:33:22,325 --> 00:33:24,724 none really significant, but we can call it 908 00:33:24,724 --> 00:33:26,390 infarct within the retinal, 909 00:33:27,330 --> 00:33:27,830 layer. 910 00:33:29,330 --> 00:33:29,830 So, 911 00:33:30,369 --> 00:33:33,190 by adjusting of the drug release, several treatment 912 00:33:33,250 --> 00:33:35,750 protocols can be achieved. So, 913 00:33:37,250 --> 00:33:37,730 like, 914 00:33:38,049 --> 00:33:39,670 intraocular pressure elevation, 915 00:33:40,705 --> 00:33:42,164 because at the start, 916 00:33:42,625 --> 00:33:45,285 the pressure goes up in the head. Sometimes 917 00:33:45,345 --> 00:33:46,485 the face also 918 00:33:46,865 --> 00:33:49,265 swollen a little bit, and also the eye 919 00:33:49,265 --> 00:33:51,365 pressure might go up. And if it's, 920 00:33:52,384 --> 00:33:55,920 stays for a longer period, like, one or 921 00:33:55,920 --> 00:33:58,099 two weeks, then it's needed to be treated. 922 00:33:59,359 --> 00:34:01,759 So I think in long term release and 923 00:34:01,759 --> 00:34:03,380 combined drug, forms, 924 00:34:03,759 --> 00:34:05,140 can be used in, 925 00:34:05,759 --> 00:34:07,680 in space for long term, 926 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:08,820 space journey. 927 00:34:09,355 --> 00:34:11,275 So we have to prepare that what kind 928 00:34:11,275 --> 00:34:13,055 of, drugs can be 929 00:34:13,434 --> 00:34:15,934 included into one insert and what, 930 00:34:16,235 --> 00:34:19,055 should be, separately in another insert. 931 00:34:20,075 --> 00:34:20,575 So, 932 00:34:21,994 --> 00:34:24,075 but the rapid action of the proper drugs 933 00:34:24,075 --> 00:34:24,735 has also 934 00:34:25,809 --> 00:34:26,550 unique, advantages. 935 00:34:27,170 --> 00:34:29,650 And so in long term, we can use 936 00:34:29,650 --> 00:34:30,309 it also, 937 00:34:31,089 --> 00:34:34,449 in patients in earth conditions who cannot drop 938 00:34:34,449 --> 00:34:37,170 by themselves, for example, but they could put 939 00:34:37,170 --> 00:34:39,429 the because they have a shaking hands, 940 00:34:39,730 --> 00:34:40,469 for example. 941 00:34:40,795 --> 00:34:41,755 But they could put, 942 00:34:42,635 --> 00:34:43,534 this insert, 943 00:34:43,914 --> 00:34:44,974 much more easily 944 00:34:45,434 --> 00:34:46,894 into the lower lid. 945 00:34:47,675 --> 00:34:48,074 And, 946 00:34:48,474 --> 00:34:49,775 also, there are, 947 00:34:50,394 --> 00:34:52,414 for anesthetic purpose before, 948 00:34:53,275 --> 00:34:54,255 an eye operation, 949 00:34:55,059 --> 00:34:56,339 Also, something for, 950 00:34:56,819 --> 00:34:58,280 dilation of the pupil, 951 00:34:58,819 --> 00:34:59,319 then, 952 00:35:00,420 --> 00:35:01,319 pressure lowering, 953 00:35:02,339 --> 00:35:04,679 then also artificial tear because, 954 00:35:05,059 --> 00:35:05,559 in 955 00:35:07,474 --> 00:35:08,035 air condition 956 00:35:09,635 --> 00:35:11,735 using an air condition, the air is very 957 00:35:12,275 --> 00:35:14,535 dry. So some people needed, 958 00:35:15,394 --> 00:35:15,894 some 959 00:35:16,675 --> 00:35:19,255 artificial tear. Also, when we use a computer 960 00:35:19,315 --> 00:35:20,375 screen, for example, 961 00:35:20,675 --> 00:35:22,135 we measure that we blink 962 00:35:23,670 --> 00:35:24,170 twice 963 00:35:24,710 --> 00:35:27,750 less than no among normal condition. So the 964 00:35:27,750 --> 00:35:31,109 dry eye symptoms among computer users are also 965 00:35:31,109 --> 00:35:33,909 very important. And, also, it could be very 966 00:35:33,909 --> 00:35:34,409 similar 967 00:35:35,144 --> 00:35:35,644 your 968 00:35:35,945 --> 00:35:38,545 space scrub journey. So I think the future 969 00:35:38,545 --> 00:35:40,684 is, hopefully with us, 970 00:35:41,945 --> 00:35:44,285 with with this research team. And, 971 00:35:45,224 --> 00:35:48,765 also, I think NASA and ESA, so the 972 00:35:49,849 --> 00:35:52,269 American and also the European Space Agencies, 973 00:35:53,369 --> 00:35:54,110 found it 974 00:35:56,090 --> 00:35:58,170 quite nice, this idea, and so we can 975 00:35:58,170 --> 00:35:58,829 use it, 976 00:35:59,449 --> 00:36:02,989 among space conditions and also among Earth conditions. 977 00:36:04,945 --> 00:36:07,585 Great. And then finally, my my next final 978 00:36:07,585 --> 00:36:08,304 question is, 979 00:36:08,864 --> 00:36:10,484 what's next in the pipeline 980 00:36:10,784 --> 00:36:11,605 for this project? 981 00:36:12,465 --> 00:36:12,965 Yeah. 982 00:36:13,344 --> 00:36:13,744 Now, 983 00:36:14,144 --> 00:36:15,844 we are in the very interesting 984 00:36:16,144 --> 00:36:17,740 so called post flight, 985 00:36:18,140 --> 00:36:19,280 research period. 986 00:36:19,660 --> 00:36:22,220 So it means the the collection and the 987 00:36:22,220 --> 00:36:24,400 evaluation of, of our data. 988 00:36:25,260 --> 00:36:25,760 And, 989 00:36:26,220 --> 00:36:26,720 hopefully, 990 00:36:27,260 --> 00:36:28,800 we will have a lot of, 991 00:36:29,980 --> 00:36:30,480 feedbacks 992 00:36:30,824 --> 00:36:32,204 and and and discussions, 993 00:36:33,864 --> 00:36:34,925 to to 994 00:36:35,945 --> 00:36:36,764 to draw, 995 00:36:37,625 --> 00:36:39,804 the little bit bigger picture, 996 00:36:40,184 --> 00:36:40,824 of the result, 997 00:36:41,385 --> 00:36:42,125 of this 998 00:36:43,784 --> 00:36:44,925 project work. 999 00:36:45,960 --> 00:36:47,500 And, of course, in parallel, 1000 00:36:49,159 --> 00:36:50,460 the the data, 1001 00:36:51,079 --> 00:36:51,579 explanation, 1002 00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:55,340 we have, already started to, 1003 00:36:56,039 --> 00:36:57,500 to to, prepare, 1004 00:36:58,674 --> 00:36:59,815 the further steps, 1005 00:37:00,275 --> 00:37:01,154 which means, 1006 00:37:01,954 --> 00:37:02,914 how we can, 1007 00:37:03,875 --> 00:37:04,375 encapsulate, 1008 00:37:05,154 --> 00:37:05,635 different, 1009 00:37:06,194 --> 00:37:06,694 drugs, 1010 00:37:06,994 --> 00:37:07,974 in the developed, 1011 00:37:08,755 --> 00:37:09,255 nanofiber, 1012 00:37:10,194 --> 00:37:11,335 based, delivery, 1013 00:37:12,090 --> 00:37:12,590 system. 1014 00:37:13,690 --> 00:37:16,910 But it's, important to highlight that it's require 1015 00:37:17,130 --> 00:37:18,510 a lot of paperwork 1016 00:37:18,890 --> 00:37:21,230 and and a lot of, you know, preparation, 1017 00:37:23,769 --> 00:37:24,250 to get, 1018 00:37:24,809 --> 00:37:25,869 the proper permissions 1019 00:37:26,250 --> 00:37:29,114 and license fees and and and other other, 1020 00:37:29,434 --> 00:37:29,934 documentation. 1021 00:37:30,795 --> 00:37:32,015 So it takes very, 1022 00:37:33,195 --> 00:37:34,715 long time and and and, 1023 00:37:35,675 --> 00:37:36,394 bigger for 1024 00:37:38,394 --> 00:37:40,094 but we we wanted to 1025 00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:41,940 turn in 1026 00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:43,860 in in in the future, 1027 00:37:45,199 --> 00:37:45,699 our 1028 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:46,500 results, 1029 00:37:47,039 --> 00:37:49,679 which can, be get from from the ISS 1030 00:37:49,679 --> 00:37:51,940 of of the Axiom four, mission, 1031 00:37:52,320 --> 00:37:55,140 and we wanted to integrate this experience, 1032 00:37:56,755 --> 00:37:57,574 to continue, 1033 00:37:58,594 --> 00:37:59,414 this work. 1034 00:37:59,715 --> 00:38:01,255 And we want to identify 1035 00:38:02,034 --> 00:38:03,574 the key parameters, 1036 00:38:04,195 --> 00:38:05,894 of the insert development. 1037 00:38:06,675 --> 00:38:07,494 For example, 1038 00:38:09,449 --> 00:38:10,349 further optimization 1039 00:38:11,130 --> 00:38:12,269 regarding the 1040 00:38:12,570 --> 00:38:13,070 geometry, 1041 00:38:13,449 --> 00:38:14,190 the shape, 1042 00:38:14,570 --> 00:38:17,070 the surface properties, and and other other, 1043 00:38:17,849 --> 00:38:18,349 other, 1044 00:38:20,170 --> 00:38:20,670 parameters 1045 00:38:21,130 --> 00:38:22,269 of of the insert. 1046 00:38:23,515 --> 00:38:26,894 And and, it's a very interesting period because, 1047 00:38:28,954 --> 00:38:29,454 maybe 1048 00:38:30,074 --> 00:38:31,295 we can make 1049 00:38:32,235 --> 00:38:35,135 an existed, but maybe a new approach, 1050 00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:38,099 how we can make this further development 1051 00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:41,699 because we have a lot of additional information. 1052 00:38:42,320 --> 00:38:43,140 For example, 1053 00:38:44,480 --> 00:38:45,860 the the space conditions 1054 00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:47,360 and and we, 1055 00:38:48,094 --> 00:38:50,674 have results from the clinical investigation 1056 00:38:51,135 --> 00:38:51,795 as well. 1057 00:38:52,094 --> 00:38:53,875 So it's a very nice task 1058 00:38:54,255 --> 00:38:56,674 to make a good and straightforward mixture 1059 00:38:56,974 --> 00:38:59,454 from from this result and and and to 1060 00:38:59,454 --> 00:39:01,474 make a good basis for the further development. 1061 00:39:02,210 --> 00:39:05,089 I think the physical and chemical analysis and 1062 00:39:05,089 --> 00:39:08,150 also that how, this insert behaves, 1063 00:39:09,409 --> 00:39:11,029 in Earth condition with, 1064 00:39:11,969 --> 00:39:13,989 drug and without drug, very important. 1065 00:39:14,545 --> 00:39:17,105 And so in the future, we have to 1066 00:39:17,105 --> 00:39:17,905 find out that, 1067 00:39:19,264 --> 00:39:20,005 one drug, 1068 00:39:21,184 --> 00:39:22,724 multiple drug administration, 1069 00:39:24,385 --> 00:39:25,284 is the better, 1070 00:39:25,744 --> 00:39:26,965 how it really works 1071 00:39:27,824 --> 00:39:28,965 with, normal 1072 00:39:29,639 --> 00:39:30,699 humans, not 1073 00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:32,139 only astronauts. 1074 00:39:32,519 --> 00:39:34,599 And then we can also use it, 1075 00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:36,380 among zero gravity. 1076 00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:37,400 And, 1077 00:39:37,880 --> 00:39:38,380 hopefully, 1078 00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:42,539 all experiments can be finished and concluded 1079 00:39:43,184 --> 00:39:45,125 until the, long term 1080 00:39:45,824 --> 00:39:46,324 spacecraft 1081 00:39:47,744 --> 00:39:50,305 journey starts within couple of years. So I 1082 00:39:50,305 --> 00:39:50,805 would 1083 00:39:52,144 --> 00:39:52,644 summarize, 1084 00:39:53,184 --> 00:39:56,340 like this. So we go on this path, 1085 00:39:56,340 --> 00:39:57,559 and, hopefully, 1086 00:39:58,099 --> 00:39:59,320 there will be some, 1087 00:40:00,180 --> 00:40:03,059 very new things which can be used and 1088 00:40:03,059 --> 00:40:04,680 can be favorable for, 1089 00:40:05,860 --> 00:40:09,059 patients in Earth, so among normal conditions and 1090 00:40:09,059 --> 00:40:10,965 also among zero gravity conditions. 1091 00:40:12,405 --> 00:40:16,244 Excellent. Well, thank you, Zoltan and Diana, for 1092 00:40:16,244 --> 00:40:17,545 speaking with us today. 1093 00:40:18,405 --> 00:40:20,025 Thank you very much the opportunity. 1094 00:40:20,565 --> 00:40:21,625 I do. Clear. 1095 00:40:21,925 --> 00:40:24,164 It was so interesting to talk about our 1096 00:40:24,164 --> 00:40:24,664 project. 1097 00:40:25,139 --> 00:40:25,880 Thank you. 1098 00:40:26,179 --> 00:40:26,920 Thank you. 1099 00:40:34,579 --> 00:40:37,799 That was Physics World's Tammy Freeman in conversation 1100 00:40:38,260 --> 00:40:39,079 with Diana 1101 00:40:39,619 --> 00:40:41,695 Balog Weiser of SpinSplit 1102 00:40:42,155 --> 00:40:43,054 and Budapest 1103 00:40:43,434 --> 00:40:43,934 University 1104 00:40:44,235 --> 00:40:44,894 of Technology 1105 00:40:45,275 --> 00:40:46,175 and Economics 1106 00:40:46,795 --> 00:40:50,014 and Zoltan Nagy of Semmelweis University. 1107 00:40:50,635 --> 00:40:51,775 Thanks to Tammy, 1108 00:40:52,074 --> 00:40:55,454 Zoltan, and Diana for a fascinating discussion. 1109 00:40:56,019 --> 00:40:58,739 And a special thanks to our producer, Fred 1110 00:40:58,739 --> 00:40:59,239 Isles. 1111 00:40:59,860 --> 00:41:01,640 We'll be back again next week.